Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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3. Avoid excessive irrigation. 4. Avoid overcrowding and weeds that maintain moisture in the crop canopy. Good airflow is essential to control white mold. Materials Approved for Organic Production: Coniothyrium minitans (Contans) is a beneficial fungus that can be applied to the soil to reduce survival of sclerotia. It should be applied after a crop is infected with white mold or before a susceptible crop is planted in an infested field. REFERENCES Burbutis, P. P & Koepke, C. H. (1981). European Corn Borer Control in Peppers by Trichogramma nubilale. J. of Economic Entomology, 74(2), 246-247. Reiners, S., Petzoldt, C. H., & Hoffmann, M. P. (Eds). Eggplant. In Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Vegetables 2004. Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication. Retrieved from: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/recommends/. Reiners, S., Petzoldt, C. H., & Hoffmann, M. P. (Eds). Peppers. In Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Vegetables 2004. Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication. Retrieved from: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/recommends/. Reiners, S., Petzoldt, C. H., & Hoffmann, M. P. (Eds). Potatoes. In Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Vegetables 2004. Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication. Retrieved from: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/recommends/. Reiners, S., Petzoldt, C. H., & Hoffmann, M. P. (Eds). Tomatoes. In Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Vegetables 2004. Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication. Retrieved from: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/recommends/. Rowe, R. C. (Ed.), (1993). Potato Health Management. APS Press. Seaman, A., Hoffmann, M., & Shaw, M. (2006). Trichogramma ostriniae and Eruopean Corn Borer in Sweet Corn: Progress on the Path from Research to Commercialization in New York. Retrieved from: http://www.ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposiumv/posters/011.pdf in the soil. Organic Resource Guide 65
ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL FOR Sweet Corn INTRODUCTION Sweet corn is in the grass family (Graminaceae) with other cereal crops. It shares few diseases with other common vegetable crops, so it may be useful in crop rotations. Sweet corn shares pests with field and silage corn, so proximity to these crops is often a problem for sweet corn producers. I. INSECT CONTROL__________________________________ CORN EARWORM (Helicoverpa zea) The corn earworm (CEW), also known as the tomato fruitworm, is a major pest of sweet corn. The adult moth lays eggs in the silk (Photo 8.1), and the larva crawls down the silk channel and eats kernels from the tip of the ear downward (Photo 8.2). The pest is not known to overwinter in the Northeast US; it is commonly carried into the region each year on weather fronts from southern regions, so crop rotation is not effective. Pheromone traps are useful for detecting CEW flights and helping to time control practices. Cultural Control: 1. Corn varieties with long, tight husks impede the entrance of the worm somewhat, but provide only partial control. Varieties reported to be less susceptible to damage include: Silver Queen, Stowell’s Evergreen, Viking RB, Supersweet JRB, Golden Bantam, Jubilee, Texas Honey June, and Bodacious. 2. Since the pest is usually not a problem until mid to late summer, try to avoid injury by planting early and harvesting before expected arrival of CEW. Using short season varieties also helps. 3. Naturally occurring predators and parasites provide some control but are often not sufficient to avoid economic losses. Plantings that increase habitat diversity may help to promote establishment of natural enemies, but supplemental control is often needed. Materials Approved for Organic Production: 1. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (e.g. Dipel) is a well-known microbial insecticide that targets some caterpillars. Bt has to be ingested in order to be effective. Placement of the material where it will be eaten is difficult because the CEW does not feed outside the ear. A manual applicator (“Zea-Later”) has been developed to apply 0.5 ml of a Bt and oil mixture (or other treatment) directly into the silk channel. The Zea-Later has a “gun” that squirts the mixture. The worker moves up and down the rows of corn, inserting the tip of the applicator into the silk near the tip of each ear. The estimated time needed to treat one acre is eight hours. Treatment is only necessary when corn is silking and moths are present. Many local Extension programs can provide information about moth activity, or farmers can place monitoring traps in their own fields. Ears need to be treated only once, but timing is critical. For optimal effectiveness, the mixture should be applied when silks have reached full length and just begun to wilt and turn a bit brown, approximately five to six days after 50% of the corn has begun to show silk. Earlier treatment may result in “cone tips,” where the kernels near the tip do not develop due to the oil interfering with pollen tube development. Later treatment allows the worm to escape and feed (Hazzard & Westgate 2004). 2. Spinosad also has been shown to work in the Zea-Later and when used as a spray applied to silks (two good, two fair, and one poor result in recent studies). 66 Organic Resource Guide
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
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Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
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Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
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level of pest control is likely to
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
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eetle in field trials; however, it
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
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OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
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Other: There is one study showing f
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products. Best results were obtaine
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144 Organic Resource Guide use is t
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Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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the individual species in a group,
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150 Organic Resource Guide Hazzard,
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152 Organic Resource Guide plant oi
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154 Organic Resource Guide REFERENC
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Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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