Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Trials in fruit crops have also shown mostly “Poor” results. However, four of nine trials against grape powdery mildew showed “Fair” results. One trial each against raspberry leaf spot and strawberry Anthracnose showed “Fair” results, and one trial against Phytophthora crown rot in strawberry showed “Good” results. REFERENCES Fernandez, C., A. Sarro, Manual Lara, J., & Kowalski, M. (2011). Actinovate: Features of a new biofungicide undergoing EU registration. PowerPoint presentation. Sixth Annual Biocontrol Industry Meeting (ABIM) Luzerne, Switzerland, October 24-26. Retrieved from: http://www.abim.ch/fileadmin/documents-abim/presentations2011/Session4/1_Carolina_Fernandez_ABIM2011.pdf. Natural Industries, Inc. Actinovate AG label. Natural Industries, Inc. Actinovate SP Fact Sheet. Tokala, R. K., Strap, J. L., Jung, C.M., Crawford, D. L., Salove, M. H., Deobald, L. A., Bailey, J. F., & Morra, M. J. (2002). Novel Plant-Microbe Rhizosphere Interaction Involving Streptomyces lydicus WYEC108 and the Pea Plant (Pisum sativum). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(5), 2161-71. US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. Biopesticide Registration Action Document Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 (PC Code 006327). Organic Resource Guide 171
MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL NAME: Elemental sulfur, Lime sulfur MATERIAL TYPE: Element U.S EPA TOXICITY CATEGORY: Elemental sulfur: III, “Caution”, Lime sulfur: I, “Danger” USDA-NOP Both sulfur and lime sulfur (aka calcium polysulfide) are considered to be allowed, synthetic materials; their use is regulated in certified organic production. Preventive, cultural, mechanical, and physical methods must be first choice for pest control, and conditions for use of a biological or botanical material must be documented in the organic system plan (NOP 2000). MATERIAL DESCRIPTION Sulfur is one of the oldest known pesticides, cited by the Greek poet Homer in approximately 1000 B.C.E for its “pest averting” properties (Horsfall 1945). In its native state, it is a bright yellow crystalline solid. It was first recommended for control of plant diseases in the early 19 th century and was widely used until the introduction of Bordeaux mixture in the 1870’s. For a time, Bordeaux was the main fungicide until sulfur regained its position in the early 20 th century. It is still widely used against powdery mildews and mites in grapes and other crops. Lime sulfur is a mixture of calcium polysulfides created by boiling lime and sulfur together. It is an orange liquid with a strong rotting egg odor. It is also one of the earliest known fungicides, used against peach leaf curl in 1888 (Horsfall 1945). Lime sulfur is more toxic to fungi and has more potential for phytotoxicity than elemental sulfur. HOW IT WORKS As a fungicide, both sulfur and lime sulfur inhibit spore germination and growth in a number of fungal plant pathogens, likely by permeating the cell wall and interfering with important metabolic processes (Williams & Cooper 2004). Sulfur is a protectant; therefore, it must be applied before the pathogen comes into contact with the leaf in order to be effective. However, lime sulfur has a “kickback” effect against apple scab, providing some control when applied within 72 hours after an infection period. Sulfur has also been identified as a component of the induced defense mechanisms of some plants, accumulating in the xylem at levels toxic to some vascular pathogens. Sulfur fertilization has been associated with increased host resistance in some host/pathogen interactions (Williams & Cooper 2004). Soil application of sulfur, either as ammonium or potassium sulfate or elemental sulfur, has been used to reduce scab (caused by Streptomyces scabies) and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) on potato, Rhizoctonia root rot in beet, and Streptomyces soil rot on sweet potato. The mechanism for control has generally been thought to be the acidifying effect of sulfur and the intolerance of these soil-borne pathogens to low pH (Oswald & Wright 1950). More recent studies suggest that sulfur also increases microbial biodiversity and antibiosis (an association between two organisms that is detrimental to one of them) against Streptomyces scabies in the soil (Sturtz et al. 2004) and increases host plant resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in potato (Klikocka et al. 2005). As an acaricide (mite-killer), the mode of action of sulfur is not well understood. Its impact on pest mites is influenced by temperature and relative humidity, with efficacy increasing with higher temperature and relative humidity (Auger et al. 2003). 172 Organic Resource Guide
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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106 Organic Resource Guide from tol
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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Page 153 and 154: Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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Page 159 and 160: 152 Organic Resource Guide plant oi
Page 161 and 162: 154 Organic Resource Guide REFERENC
Page 163 and 164: 156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
Page 165 and 166: Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
Page 167 and 168: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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Page 171 and 172: 164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
Page 173 and 174: Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Page 175 and 176: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
Page 177: Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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Page 183 and 184: Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
Page 185 and 186: Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
Page 187 and 188: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
Page 189 and 190: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
Page 191 and 192: Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
Page 195 and 196: APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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Page 201 and 202: Inert ingredients are not necessari
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Page 205 and 206: Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
Page 207 and 208: Plant Management Network. A non-pro
Page 209: Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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