Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Cultural Control: 1. Practices that promote good airflow and quick drying are the most important management, e.g., wide rows oriented in the direction of prevailing wind, wide spacing in rows, good weed management, irrigation timed not to increase the hours of leaf wetness. 2. Rotation with non-host plants like corn helps. Since the sclerotia are very long lived without a host in the soil, rotation must be long to be of value. Materials Approved for Organic Production: Coniothyrium minitans (Contans). Contans is a fungus that, once applied and incorporated into the soil, attacks and destroys the white mold sclerotia. Follow the directions on the label carefully because success is dependent on eliminating near-surface sclerotia that are likely to germinate and produce apothecia and spores. Using enough of the material to reach all of the sclerotia in the soil profile would be cost prohibitive. Contans requires 3 to 10 weeks to effectively colonize and destroy sclerotia. Apply Contans to a Sclerotinia-infected crop immediately following harvest at 1 lb/A, and incorporate the debris into the soil. Alternatively, apply at 2 lb/acre to a crop right after planting, followed by shallow incorporation (or irrigate) to about a 1 to 2 inch depth. After application, do not till deeply, or sclerotia that are deeper than the Contans treated zone will be brought to the surface. To reduce survival of the sclerotia, Contans should be applied after a crop with high levels of white mold infection. PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT (Phytophthora capsici) Beans are a host of this pathogen that has, over recent years, become an increasing problem in peppers and many cucurbits. Phytophthora is not common in beans, but has been reported over the past few years. Moreover, Phytophthora blight in cucurbits has been reported to be worse when following a bean crop. Initial infection comes from overwintering oospores that, when the soil is wet, germinate to produce sporangia. Swimming zoospores are released from the sporangia, so plants in the wettest areas of the field are generally infected first. In beans, large, water-soaked lesions can occur on the leaves, stems, or pods. Pods shrivel and become leathery, later developing a characteristic white, yeast-like growth typical of Phytophthora. Large numbers of sporangia are produced, causing the disease to spread rapidly by water movement under wet conditions. Phytophthora blight is most common in beans after severe rainstorms. Cultural Control: 1. Avoid fields with a history of Phytophthora blight. 2. Crop rotation to non-host crops (such as sweet corn or crucifer crops) is recommended. 3. Arrange plantings so water movement does not potentially bring the pathogen from an infested to a clean field. 4. Manage soil tilth to promote rapid drainage. 5. Subsoiling, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and any other practice that helps avoid wet areas is recommended. 6. The pathogen can easily move from field to field with infested soil or runoff. Irrigation water can be a source of inoculum. 7. Clean equipment and boots if used in an infected field, and always work in uninfested fields before infested fields. ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) Anthracnose is primarily a problem on dry beans. The pathogen overwinters in the seed and in plant residue and, under damp conditions, can germinate and produce spores quickly. The spores are windblown, and when there is incessant wet and windy weather, the disease can become widespread and devastating. Lesions begin as tiny brown specks that develop into dark brown spots with purplish rims and light centers (Photo 5.12). Lesions can develop on any part of the plant, but they are most damaging when on the pod in snap beans or on the seeds in lima and other dry beans because they reduce marketability. Although there are some Organic Resource Guide 49
esistant varieties, there are still many susceptible cultivars, and when conditions are favorable for the disease, it can be very destructive. Cultural Control: 1. Planting certified seed grown in dry climates is recommended. 2. Crop rotation (two to three years) is important. 3. Infected crop residue should be buried shortly after harvest. 4. Use resistant cultivars when possible, which may be difficult because resistance must be to the particular race of the pathogen in a given area. 5. Promote good airflow and fast leaf drying by providing adequate row and in-row spacing. Materials Approved for Organic Production: None. ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT, LEAF AND POD SPOT (Ascochyta pisi, A. pinodella, Mycosphaerella pinodes) These three species of fungi cause similar diseases in peas, and all three can be present at the same time. The symptoms are similar in the field, and these closely related species can be distinguished only with microscopic examination. Management for all three species is similar. All parts of the plant can be attacked. Infected leaves develop tan spots that are slightly sunken and have a distinct dark border. Under favorable conditions, the spots may develop concentric tan and dark brown rings. Infected pods have similar spots but do not develop the concentric rings. These pathogens are seed-borne and can persist on plant debris. M. pinodes can form sclerotia and resistant spores that can persist in the soil for years. Spores are carried by wind and rain. Cultural Control: 1. Use seed that is pathogen free. 2. Seed grown in dry climates is recommended. 3. Crop rotation (four to five years) is important. 4. Infected crop residue should be buried shortly after harvest. 5. Promote good airflow and fast leaf drying by providing adequate row and in-row spacing. Materials Approved for Organic Production: None. REFERENCES Hagedorn, D. J. (1984). Compendium of Pea Diseases. American Phytopathological Society. Hall, R. (1991). Compendium of Bean Diseases. American Phytopathological Society. Harveson, R. M. & Yuen, G. (2002). Evaluation of Biological Control Products for Managing Multiple Root Diseases in Dry Beans in Nebraska. B&C Tests, 17:F01. Howard, R. J., Garland, J. A., & Seaman, W. L. (1994). Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of Canada. Ottawa. Howell, J. C. & Hazzard, R. V. (2012). New England Vegetable Management Guide. http:// umassextensionbookstore.com/ Seaman, A. (2012). Production Guide for Organic Beans for Processing. NYS IPM Publication No. 132. (Ed.). Retrieved from: http://nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide/bean.pdf. Seaman, A. (2012). Production Guide for Organic Peas for Processing. NYS IPM Publication No. 137. (Ed.). Retrieved from: http://nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide/pea.pdf. 50 Organic Resource Guide
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ii Organic Resource Guide
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Page 11 and 12: ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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Page 65 and 66: EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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Page 89 and 90: Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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106 Organic Resource Guide from tol
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
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Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
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Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
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level of pest control is likely to
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
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eetle in field trials; however, it
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
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OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
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Other: There is one study showing f
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products. Best results were obtaine
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144 Organic Resource Guide use is t
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Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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the individual species in a group,
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150 Organic Resource Guide Hazzard,
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152 Organic Resource Guide plant oi
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154 Organic Resource Guide REFERENC
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156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
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Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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