4 Azadirach6n-‐Based Products Efficacy: Greenhouse <strong>and</strong> Lab Studies Good Fair Poor Number of Trials 3 2 1 0 Pest Figure 3. Efficacy of azadirachtin-based products in greenhouse <strong>and</strong> laboratory trials. NEEM OIL PRODUCTS Neem oil is the active ingredient in the products labeled as Trilogy (<strong>for</strong> food crops) <strong>and</strong> Triact (greenhouse <strong>and</strong> ornamentals). They have both insecticidal <strong>and</strong> fungicidal properties. Figure 4 summarizes results from outdoor food-crop field trials <strong>for</strong> these 3 Neem Oil Efficacy Good Fair Poor Number of Trials 2 1 0 Pest Figure 4. Efficacy of neem oil based products against plant diseases <strong>and</strong> selected arthropods. <strong>Organic</strong> <strong>Resource</strong> <strong>Guide</strong> 141
products. Best results were obtained against powdery mildew in cucurbits <strong>and</strong> grapes. All powdery mildew studies with good control used multiple applications, from three to ten times per season. The positive gray mold study used 2 applications. The oil products were also promising against some insect <strong>and</strong> mite pests. REFERENCES Banken, J. O. & Stark, J. D. (1997). Stage <strong>and</strong> age influence on susceptibility of Coccinella septempunctata after direct exposure to Neemix, a neem insecticide. J. Economic Entomology, 90(5), 1102-1105. Copping, L.G. (Ed.). (2001). The BioPesticides Manual. Second Edition. British Crop Protection Counsel. EPA Fact Sheet. Azadirachtin (121701) Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil (025007). Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/ factsheet_025007.htm. Extoxnet (Undated). Azadirachtin: Pesticide In<strong>for</strong>mation Profiles: Extension Toxicology Network. Retrieved from: http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/azadirac.htm. Gill, J. S. & Lewis, C. T. (1971). Systemic action of an insect feeding deterrent. Nature (Lond.), 232, 402-403. Larew, H. G. (1988). Limited occurrence of foliar-, root-, <strong>and</strong> seed-applied neem seed extract toxin in untreated plant parts. J. Economic Entomology, 81, 593-598. Lowery, D.T. & Isman, M.B. (1994). Effects of Neem <strong>and</strong> Azadirachtin on Aphids <strong>and</strong> their Natural Enemies. In Hedin, P. A. (Ed.), Bioregulators <strong>for</strong> Crop Protection <strong>and</strong> Pest Contro (pp. 78- 91). ACS Symposium Series 557. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. Martineau, J. (1994). MSDS <strong>for</strong> Azatin-EC Biological <strong>Insect</strong>icide. AgriDyne Technologies, Inc. January 26, 1994. Miller, F. & Uetz, S. (1998). Evaluating Biorational Pesticides <strong>for</strong> Controlling Arthropod Pest <strong>and</strong> their Phytotoxic Effects on Greenhouse Crops. Hort. Technology, 8(2), 185-192. Mostafa, B. & Abdel-Megeed, M. I. (1996). Molluscicidal activity of neem on Biomphalaria alex<strong>and</strong>rina. Proceedings: Sixth conference of agricultural development research. Cairo. Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo. Special Issue, 215-232. Nisbet, A. J., Wood<strong>for</strong>d, J. A. T., Strang, R. H. C., & Connoly, J. D. (1993). Systemic antifeedant effects of azadirachtin on the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl, 68, 87-98. NOP. 2000. USDA National <strong>Organic</strong> Program regulations, 7CFR 205.206(e). Retrieved from: http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop Osman, M. Z. & Port, G. R. (1990). Systemic action of neem seed substances against Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl, 54, 297-300. Palumbo, J. C., Reyes, F. J., Mullis, C. H., Amaya, A., Ledesma, L., & Carey, L. (2001). Neonictinoids <strong>and</strong> Azadirachtin in lettuce: comparison of application methods <strong>for</strong> control of lettuce aphids. <strong>University</strong> of Arizona 2001 Vegetable Report. Quarles, W. (1994). Neem Tree Pesticides Product Ornamental Plants. The IPM Practitioner, 16(10), 1-13. Ruckin, F.R. (Ed). (1992). Neem, A Tree <strong>for</strong> Solving Global Problems. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. Schmutterer, H. (1990). Properties <strong>and</strong> potential of natural pesticides <strong>for</strong>m the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Ann. Review of Entomol, 35, 271-297. Smitley, D. R. & Davis, T. W. (2000). Twospotted spider mite on marigold in the greenhouse. Arthropod Management Tests, 25, G62. Stark, J. D. & Walter, J. F. (1995). Neem oil <strong>and</strong> neem oil components affect the efficacy of commercial neem insecticides. J. Agric. Food Chem, 43, 507-512. Thacker, J. R. M. (2002). An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control. Cambridge <strong>University</strong> Press. Weinzierl, R. & Henn, T. (1991). Alternatives in <strong>Insect</strong> management: Biological <strong>and</strong> Biorational Approaches. North Central Regional Extension, Publication 401. 142 <strong>Organic</strong> <strong>Resource</strong> <strong>Guide</strong>
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