Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Photo 9.11 Crater rot on carrot (courtesy G.S. Abawi). Photo 9.12 Cavity spot on carrot (courtesy G.S. Abawi). Organic Resource Guide 103
MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtilis MATERIAL NAME: Bacillus subtilis MATERIAL TYPE: Microbial U.S. EPA TOXICITY CATEGORY: III “Caution” USDA-NOP: Considered non-synthetic, allowed. Preventive, cultural, mechanical, and physical methods must be first choice for pest control, and conditions for use of a biological material must be documented in the organic system plan (NOP 2000). MATERIAL DESCRIPTION: Bacillus subtilis is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring, saprophytic bacterium that is commonly recovered from soil, water, air, and decomposing plant material. Under most conditions, however, it is not biologically active and is present only in the spore form. Different strains of B. subtilis can be used as biological control agents in different situations. There are two general categories of B. subtilis strains; those that are applied to the foliage of a plant and those applied to the soil or transplant mix when seeding. The B. subtilis strain QST 713 is a naturally occurring strain that was isolated in 1995 by AgraQuest Inc. from soil in a California peach orchard. This product is applied to foliage (NYDEC 2001). In contrast, the B. subtilis strain GB03 was discovered in Australia in the 1930’s and is applied either as a seed treatment or directly to soil. Neither strain is considered a genetically modified organism. HOW IT WORKS: B. subtilis bacteria produce a class of lipopeptide antibiotics including iturins. Iturins help B. subtilis bacteria out-compete other microorganisms by either killing them or reducing their growth rate (CPL 2002). Iturins can also have direct fungicidal activity on pathogens. B. subtilis products are made for many uses. For plant disease control, these include foliar application and products applied to the root zone, compost, or seed. When applied directly to seeds, the bacteria colonize the developing root system, competing with disease organisms that attack root systems (CPL 2002). According to the manufacturer, B. subtilis inhibits plant pathogen spore germination, disrupts germ tube growth, and interferes with the attachment of the pathogen to the plant. It is also reported to induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against bacterial pathogens (NY DEC 2001). According to an Agraquest sales representative, the lipopeptide activity in the Serenade product is what provides disease control; any living B. subtilis cells in this product have only a minor effect (Cline, personal communication, 2004). According to the manufacturer, the GB03 strain (Kodiak) delivers extended protection against plant pathogens through three distinct modes of action: 1. Colonies of B. subtilis take up space on the roots, leaving less area or source for occupation by disease pathogens. 2. Kodiak feeds on plant exudates, which also serve as a food source for disease pathogens. Because it consumes exudates, Kodiak deprives disease pathogens of a major food source, thereby inhibiting their ability to thrive and reproduce. 3. Kodiak combats pathogenic fungi through the production of a chemical (an iturin) that inhibits the pathogen’s growth (Gustafson 2004). Backman et al. (1997) reported 104 Organic Resource Guide
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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2 Organic Resource Guide bibliograp
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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8 Organic Resource Guide to female
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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14 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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42 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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Page 65 and 66: EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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Page 75 and 76: corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Page 81 and 82: 2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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Page 85 and 86: Materials Approved for Organic Prod
Page 87 and 88: CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
Page 89 and 90: Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
Page 93 and 94: Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
Page 97 and 98: Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
Page 99 and 100: Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
Page 103 and 104: Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
Page 107 and 108: Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
Page 109: Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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Page 115 and 116: Because university trials are often
Page 117 and 118: The spray deposit may only last for
Page 119 and 120: In Figure 1, “good control” mea
Page 121 and 122: FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
Page 123 and 124: A summary of university field trial
Page 125 and 126: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
Page 129 and 130: 14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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Page 153 and 154: Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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154 Organic Resource Guide REFERENC
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156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
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Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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