Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Beneficial insects: Care must be taken when applying spinosad while honeybees are foraging; after residues dry (a few hours), it is far less toxic to bees (Bret et al. 1997). Direct contact with spray droplets can also harm Trichogramma wasps and other parasitoids (Bret et al. 1997; Suh et al. 2000; Tillman & Mullrooney 2000). However, once the deposits dry, they are generally safe for beneficial insects. Studies in sweet corn have shown spinosad to be very effective against the European corn borer while conserving its natural enemy complex (Musser and Shelton, 2003). Other non-targets: Effects of spinosad on earthworms and soil microorganisms have been investigated in the laboratory. Results indicated that application rates of 25-150 g/ha should not cause significant effect on soil microflora respiration. Earthworms were not very susceptible to spinosad (LD50 > 970 mg/kg) (Jachetta 2001). There is little research on the impact of spinosad on insect soil detritivores and their predators, including ants and springtails. However, since some spinosad products are targeted against fire ants, a soil dwelling species, it is likely that there would be some impact against other soil fauna. EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: Acute toxicity: Spinosad has very low acute mammalian toxicity. The oral LD50 in rats is 3,738 mg/kg in males and >5,000 mg/kg in females. According to an EPA factsheet (US EPA 1997 b), acute dermal dose in rabbits is >2,000 mg/kg. The rat inhalation LC50 is >5.18 mg/liter (US EPA 1997b; Jachetta 2001; Dow 1997). Metabolism: Spinosad is rapidly absorbed and extensively metabolized in rats. Within 48 hours of ingestion, 60-80% of spinosad or its metabolites are excreted through urine or feces (US EPA 1997a, b; Dow 1997). Chronic Toxicity: Thirteen-week dietary studies showed no-effect levels of 4.98 mg/kg/day in dogs, 6 mg/kg/day in mice, and 8.6 mg/kg/day in cats. No dermal or systemic toxicity occurred in a 21-day repeated dose dermal toxicity study in rabbits of 1,000 mg/kg/day. Based on these data, the EPA set the reference dose in humans at 0.0268 mg/kg/day. Presumably, daily doses of this amount would cause no harm (US EPA 1997b). Cancer and Developmental: There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in two rodent species at any dose tested. Mutagenic studies showed no mutagenic activity. There were no effects on normal development in rats or rabbits, even at the highest dose tested. Neurotoxicity: Spinosad did not cause neurotoxicity in rats in acute, subchronic, or chronic toxicity studies (EPA 1997b). There may be some effects on the GABA and other nervous systems (Thompson et al. 2000; Salgado 1997; Salgado et al. 1998a, b). EFFICACY Spinosad is principally toxic to plant-eating insects in the orders Lepidoptera (caterpillars), Coleoptera (beetles), Thysanoptera (thrips), and Diptera (flies). It is not a plant systemic, but will penetrate leaves to some extent and, therefore, has activity against some leafminers. Spinosad is not effective at controlling mites at normal use rates (Thompson et al. 2000; Cowles et al. 2000; Tjosvold & Chaney 2001), although at high rates or in combination with some adjuvants, it has miticidal activity (Gilrein 2004). PEST SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS Colorado potato beetle Spinosad shows very good control of all larval stages. Eggs and adults are virtually unaffected. Flea Beetles The few published studies show poor to intermediate efficacy; however, replicated lab studies show good control of cabbage flea beetles (Andersen 2006). Since populations tend to reestablish themselves a few days after application, several applications may be needed. Organic Resource Guide 165
Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle Spinosad has shown poor to intermediate efficacy with very few published studies. Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) Spinosad shows very good control of most pests. Thrips (Thysanoptera) The efficacy of spinosad is variable among crops and thrips species. Western flower thrips and onion thrips are susceptible to spinosad. Aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers (Homoptera): Spinosad shows variable control of aphids. One study shows good control of whiteflies. One shows poor control of potato leafhopper; more trials are needed. True bugs (Hemiptera) Spinosad exhibits poor control for true bugs on various crops. A summary of recent university field trials of spinosad products on vegetable crops commonly grown in the Northeast was compiled. These university-based trials typically test products under unusually severe pest pressure. In Figure 1, “good control” means statistically significant reductions in either pest numbers or damage of 75% or more, compared to an untreated control. “Fair control” includes those with significant reductions of 50-74% and any non-significant reductions of over 50%. The “poor control” group includes any results with less than 50% reduction. Species that performed similarly are grouped in Figure 1 below: 1. Green peach and potato aphids. 2. Common armyworm, beet armyworm, fall armyworm, corn earworm, cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth, European corn borer, tomato hornworm, tomato pinworm, tomato fruitworm, and squash vine borer. 3. Stink bugs, harlequin bug, and lygus bug. 4. One trial demonstrating poor efficacy was found for each of the following: sap beetle, striped cucumber beetle, pepper maggot fly, two spotted spider mite, potato psyllid, and potato leafhopper. Spinosad Efficacy 35 Good Fair Poor Number of Trials 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Aphids (1) Caterpillars (2) Beetle, CPB Beetle, flea Beetle, pepper weevil Striped cucumber beetle True bugs (3) Thrips, soybean Thrips, flower Thrips, melon Thrips, onion Whitefly, tomato Other (4) Pest 166 Organic Resource Guide Figure 1. Efficacy of spinosad against insect pests.
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ii Organic Resource Guide
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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8 Organic Resource Guide to female
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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54 Organic Resource Guide 4. Manage
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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106 Organic Resource Guide from tol
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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Page 123 and 124: A summary of university field trial
Page 125 and 126: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
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Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
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Page 167 and 168: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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Page 175 and 176: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
Page 177 and 178: Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
Page 179 and 180: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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Page 185 and 186: Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
Page 187 and 188: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
Page 189 and 190: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
Page 191 and 192: Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
Page 195 and 196: APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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Page 205 and 206: Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
Page 207 and 208: Plant Management Network. A non-pro
Page 209: Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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