Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Deliver (Certis USA) Biobit 32 (Valent BioSciences Corp) DiPel 2X (Valent BioSciences Corp) - wild type DiPel DF (Valent BioSciences Corp) - wild type Javelin WG (Certis USA) - wild type Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Gnatrol WDG (Valent BioSciences Corp) VectoBac WDG (Valent BioSciences Corp) References to OMRI listed products in this Guide are based on the 2012 edition of the OMRI Product List. Please consult www.omri.org for changes and updates in the brand name product listings. EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Wildlife: As part of the testing procedures for registration, Bt products were fed to birds and fish, and the results have indicated no adverse effects. Natural enemies: Parasites and predators, important natural enemies of many insect pests, are generally not harmed directly by sprays or deposits of Bt. Other non-targets: Other susceptible hosts that are not the target of the spray may also be killed. These may include rare moths and butterflies in certain sensitive habitats, but the impact is likely to be minimal with carefully targeted applications. For a more detailed summary of environmental studies of Bt, see Siegel (2000). EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: Because an insect’s gut structure and physiology are vastly different from a human’s, Bt does not have the same effect on the human gut as it has on the gut of susceptible insects. The rapid breakdown by solar radiation results in little or no residue on crops. There have been a few isolated reports of Bt found in human tissues, but these appear to be secondary infections. When spraying Bt, applicators should exercise caution by protecting eyes and open wounds. A very small percentage of the human population is susceptible to allergic responses from exposure to Bt in relatively high doses (Bernstein et al. 1999). VEGETABLE EFFICACY TRIALS SUMMARY: OMRI-listed Bt products have very similar efficacy results as the entire array of Bt products, though there are currently no listed formulations effective against Colorado potato beetle. Listed Bt products are generally effective against most lepidopteran species affecting brassicas and tomatoes; formulations for caterpillar pests have little effect on other types of insects, such as beetles and aphids. If applied thoroughly to all plant parts (Bt residue must be ingested to be effective), they can also be effective against the European corn borer on corn; however, because delivery of the product to the feeding site is difficult, they have not been as effective against corn earworm caterpillars. Trials with Zea-later, a hand-held device that squirts a measured amount of material into the silk channel, have proved very promising (Hazzard & Westgate 2004). While no recent studies have tested Bt products against European corn borer on peppers, properly timed applications of Bt products could be effective. Approved products with either Bt aizawai or Bt kurstaki strains have performed similarly against caterpillars in recent studies. Three weekly applications of Bt aizaiwi have been shown to be effective against squash vine borer when applied during the moth flight. (See the Cucurbits chapter for more information). A database of university trials of Bt products was compiled for this fact sheet. University-based trials typically test products with untreated buffer rows and other conditions that create unusually severe pest pressure. The level of pest control is likely to be higher on fields in which a good program of cultural controls has been implemented. Organic Resource Guide 111
In Figure 1, “good control” means statistically significant reductions in either pest numbers or damage of 75% or more, compared to an untreated control. “Fair control” includes those with significant reductions of 50-74% and any non-significant reductions of over 50%. The “poor control” group includes any results with less than 50% reduction. Bt Products Efficacy 10 9 Good Fair Poor 8 Number of Trials 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Pest Figure 1. Efficacy of Bt products against various insect pests. REFERENCES American Academy of Microbiology. (2002). 100 years of Bacillus thuringiensis: a critical scientific assessment. Retrieved from: http://academy.asm.org/index.php/colloquium-program/- food-microbiology/195-100-years-of-bacillus-thuringiensis-a-critical-scientificassessment. Bernstein I. L, Bernstein, J. A., Miller, M., Tierzieva, S., Bernstein, D. I., Lummus, Z., Selgrade, M. K., Doerfler, D. L., & Seligy, V. L. (1999). Immune responses in farm workers after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 575-582. Hazzard, R. & Westgate, P. (2004). Organic Insect Control in Sweet Corn. Available from: www. umassextension.org/Merchant2/merchant.mv; Also available from: http://www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/articles_html/organic_insect_ management_in_sweet_corn.html. NOP. (2000). USDA National Organic Program regulations, 7CFR 205.206(e). Retrieved from: http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop. Siegel J. P. (2000). Bacteria. Lacey L. L. & Kaya H. K. (Eds.) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (pp. 209-230). Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht, Netherlands. Tabashnik, B. E., Carriere, Y., Dennehy, T. J., Morin, S., Sisterson, M.S., Roush, R. T., Shelton, A. M., & Zhao, J. Z. (2003). Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lesson from the laboratory and field. J. Econ. Entomol, 96, 1031-1038. 112 Organic Resource Guide
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ii Organic Resource Guide
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iv Organic Resource Guide
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vi Organic Resource Guide
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2 Organic Resource Guide bibliograp
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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8 Organic Resource Guide to female
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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14 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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42 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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54 Organic Resource Guide 4. Manage
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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Page 89 and 90: Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
Page 97 and 98: Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
Page 99 and 100: Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
Page 103 and 104: Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
Page 107 and 108: Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
Page 109 and 110: Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
Page 111 and 112: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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Page 117: The spray deposit may only last for
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Page 123 and 124: A summary of university field trial
Page 125 and 126: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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