Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Pyrethrum MATERIAL NAME: Pyrethrum MATERIAL TYPE: Botanical U.S. EPA TOXICITY CATEGORY: III, “Caution” USDA – NOP: Considered non-synthetic, allowed. Preventive, cultural, mechanical, and physical methods must be first choice for pest control, and conditions for use of a biological or botanical material must be documented in the organic system plan (NOP 2000). ACTIVE INGREDIENT DESCRIPTION: Pyrethrum is the generic name given to a plant-based insecticide derived from the powdered, dried flower heads of the pyrethrum daisy, chiefly Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, but also C. coccineum and C. marshalli. Pyrethrins are comprised of six constituent compounds with insecticidal properties that occur in these Chrysanthemum species. The pyrethrum daisy is native to southwest Asia. Kenya is the leading producer of pyrethrum, followed by Australia. Pyrethrum is used widely throughout the world to control many human and household pests, such as mosquitoes and houseflies. While it was used widely in agriculture before World War II, cheaper and more effective synthetic products have largely replaced it for farm use (Casida 1973; Casida & Quistad 1995). More recently, new pyrethrum products (often solvent-based and including PBO) have appeared on the agriculture market. Only a few are approved for organic production under the NOP. Because of their widespread use, populations of insects in some areas may be resistant to pyrethroids and pyrethrum. Note: Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds whose structure and mode of action are similar to pyrethrins, but they are not approved for use in organic production. Pyrethroids are one of the most common and effective classes of insecticides. There are many pyrethoid products, including Ambush, Baythroid, Pounce, and Warrior. HOW IT WORKS: Pyrethrum is a fast acting contact poison that “knocks down” susceptible insects. Insects are left paralyzed by the toxic effect of pyrethrum. The normal function of the nervous system is affected, stimulating repetitive nerve discharges and leading to paralysis and death. However, if the dose is too low, some insects are able to recover after the initial knockdown. SYNERGISTS: Mortality may be enhanced with the addition of a synergist, a chemical that is not considered strongly insecticidal by itself, but enhances the activity of the material being applied. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a common synthetic synergist that reduces an insect’s ability to detoxify pyrethrum. It is added to some pyrethrum products. Piperonyl butoxide is not allowed under the National Organic Program. Care should be taken not to use pyrethrum products that contain prohibited synergists. TYPES OF PESTS IT CONTROLS: Pyrethrum is a broad-spectrum insecticide used to control true bugs, caterpillars, beetles, aphids, flies, mites, whiteflies, thrips, and leafhoppers (Casida 1973). Within these groups, pests may have a greater or lesser susceptibility to pyrethrum products. Specific pest species controlled by pyrethrum, as noted in the older literature, include potato leafhopper, beet leafhopper, cabbage looper, celery leaf tier, Say’s stink bug, twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, six- Organic Resource Guide 155
156 Organic Resource Guide spotted leafhopper, lygus bugs on peaches, grape thrips, flower thrips, grape leafhopper, and cranberry fruitworm. It was not considered particularly effective against flea beetles, imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth, aphids on spinach, or lygus bugs on alfalfa (Casida 1973). FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION GUIDELINES: OMRI listed formulations are emulsifiable concentrates, containing 0.1-5% pyrethrins, some formulated with insecticidal soaps. Because pyrethrins break down quickly after application, frequent applications may be needed against mobile pests that can reinvade fields. A recently registered product, Azera, is a mixture of pyrethrins and azadirachtin, which have been shown to improved control of some pests (Dively, unpublished data). AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Readily available from garden and farm suppliers. OMRI LISTED PRODUCTS (This is a partial list. Check http://www.omri.org for many more): Azera Insecticide (also contains azadirachtin (neem)) (MGK Co.) Concern Multi-Purpose Insect Killer Concentrate (contains soap) (Woodstream Co.) Pyganic Crop Protection EC 5.0 II (MGK Co.) Pyganic Crop Protection EC 1.4 II (MGK Co.) Safer Brand Yard & Garden Insect Killer Concentrate II (with soap) (Woodstream Co.) Safer Brand Yard & Garden Insect Killer II (with soap) (Woodstream Co.) References to OMRI listed products in this Guide are based on the 2012 edition of the OMRI Product List. Please consult www.omri.org for changes and updates in the brand name product listings. REENTRY INTERVAL (REI) AND PRE-HARVEST INTERVAL (PHI): The EPA Workers Protection Standard requires a minimum of 12 hours before reentering a treated field. May be applied up to the day of harvest. APPLICATION TIPS: Care should be taken to not mix pyrethrum with lime, sulfur, or soap solutions, since pyrethrum is broken down by both acid and alkaline conditions. Pyrethrum is rapidly broken down by sunlight. Use of UV-inhibiting adjuvants may allow for a longer period of control. Given that longer control is a concern for its impact on beneficial species, growers must decide whether the advantage of having a longer activity period to protect the crop from reinfestations is appropriate for their management system. Pyrethrum can be a contact poison, so it is effective when the spray physically lands on an insect. Flighty insects, such as cucumber beetle, should be sprayed early in the morning when they are sluggish and bee pollinators have not yet begun to fly. Pyrethrum can also be effective when the residue on the leaf is ingested by the insect; however, because pyrethrum breaks down so rapidly in sunlight, this residual effectiveness is quickly lost. EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Leaf persistence. Pyrethrum is quickly degraded in sunlight (Casida & Quistad 1995). Fate in water. Pyrethrum compounds are broken down to nontoxic products in water (Extoxnet 1994). Soil persistence. Soil application studies of pyrethrum showed a half-life of only one to two hours (Casida & Quistad 1995). When used indoors, pyrethrum can persist much longer; Cox (2002) found it to last up to two months or more in carpet dust. Wildlife. Pyrethrum is extremely toxic to fish, such as bluegill and lake trout, while it is slightly to moderately toxic to bird species, such as mallards and bobwhite quail. Natural pyrethrins are
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
Page 111 and 112: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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Page 115 and 116: Because university trials are often
Page 117 and 118: The spray deposit may only last for
Page 119 and 120: In Figure 1, “good control” mea
Page 121 and 122: FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
Page 123 and 124: A summary of university field trial
Page 125 and 126: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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Page 167 and 168: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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Page 173 and 174: Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Page 175 and 176: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
Page 177 and 178: Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
Page 179 and 180: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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Page 183 and 184: Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
Page 185 and 186: Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
Page 187 and 188: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
Page 189 and 190: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
Page 191 and 192: Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
Page 195 and 196: APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
Page 199 and 200: 192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
Page 201 and 202: Inert ingredients are not necessari
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Page 205 and 206: Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
Page 207 and 208: Plant Management Network. A non-pro
Page 209: Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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