Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Soap products have little effect on beneficial species unless they are soft-bodied and directly contacted by the spray. Some predator mite species and ladybeetle larvae are adversely affected (Liu et al. 1996). EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: Potassium salts of fatty acids are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US FDA (EPA 1992). Acute toxicity to rats has been documented as LD 50 > 5000 mg/kg for M-Pede formulated with ethyl alcohol. Insecticidal soaps are presumed to be rapidly broken down in the environment and metabolized when ingested in small amounts. They are thought to have little, if any, longterm health effects. Ammonium soaps can cause permanent eye damage (EPA 1992). Soap salts of fatty acids have caused reproductive and mutagenic effects when fed to test animals at high doses (EPA 1992), but are not reported to be carcinogenic in NTP or IARC databases (Mycogen 1998). EFFICACY A summary of university field trials of soap products against pests of fruit and vegetable crops commonly grown in the Northeast is compiled in Figure 1. These university-based trials typically test products with untreated buffer rows and other conditions that create unusually severe pest pressure. On completely treated fields in which a good program of cultural controls has also been implemented, the pest population would be lower and the level of pest control obtainable may be higher than shown. Insecticidal soaps provide variable control against aphids, mites, whiteflies, mealybugs, psyllids, and some other soft-bodied insects. University-based trials show efficacy was variable against aphids and poor against whiteflies and thrips. In particular, soaps were ineffective against green peach aphid. There have also been unexpectedly positive, though variable, results against caterpillar pests. In Figure 1, “good control” means statistically significant reductions in either pest numbers or damage of 75% or more, compared to an untreated control. “Fair control” includes those with significant reductions of 50-74%, and any non-significant reductions of over 50%. The “poor control” group includes any results with less than 50% reduction. 10 9 Soap Products Efficacy: Anthropod Pests Good Fair Poor 8 Number of Trials 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Green peach aphid Other aphids Colorado potato beetle Flea beetle Tobacco flea beetle Potato leaAopper Corn caterpillar complex Brassica caterpillar complex Tomato pinworm Melon worm Armyworm Citrus mealybug (greenhouse) Pear psylla Potato psyllid Western flower thrips (greenhouse) Various thrips (field) Mites Silverleaf whitefly Pest Figure 1. Efficacy of soap products against various pests. Organic Resource Guide 153
154 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCES EPA. (1992). Soap Salts Re-Registration Eligibility Document Fact Sheet EPA-738-F-92-013. USA Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. (2002). Sucrose Octanoate Esters Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_035300.htm. Imai, T., Tsuchiya, S., & Fujimori, T. (1995). Humidity effects on activity of insecticidal soap for the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Appl. Entomol. and Zool, 30(1), 185-188. Lawson, D. S. & Weires, R. W. (1991). Management of European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and several aphid species on apple with petroleum oils and an insecticidal soap. J. Econ. Entomol, 84(5), 1550-1557. Liu, T. X., Stansly, P. A., & Chortyk, O. T. (1996). Insecticidal activity of natural and synthetic sugar esters against Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) J. Econ. Entomol, 89, 1233- 1239. Mycogen. (1998). Material Safety Data Sheet. M-Pede Insecticide/Fungicide. Mycogen Corp. San Diego, CA. Retrieved from: http://www.cdms.net/ldat/mp624001.pdf. NOP. 2000. USDA National Organic Program 7CFR 205.601(a)(7), 205.601(b)(1), 205.601(d) and 205.601(e)(8) Puterka, G. J., Farone, W., Palmer, T., & Barrington, A. (2003). Structure-function relationships affecting the insecticidal and miticidal activity of sugar esters. J. Econ. Entomol, 96(3), 636-644.
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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8 Organic Resource Guide to female
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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54 Organic Resource Guide 4. Manage
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Page 111 and 112: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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Page 115 and 116: Because university trials are often
Page 117 and 118: The spray deposit may only last for
Page 119 and 120: In Figure 1, “good control” mea
Page 121 and 122: FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
Page 123 and 124: A summary of university field trial
Page 125 and 126: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
Page 129 and 130: 14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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Page 153 and 154: Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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Page 157 and 158: 150 Organic Resource Guide Hazzard,
Page 159: 152 Organic Resource Guide plant oi
Page 163 and 164: 156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
Page 165 and 166: Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
Page 167 and 168: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
Page 169 and 170: maternal mortality was seen at this
Page 171 and 172: 164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
Page 173 and 174: Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Page 175 and 176: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
Page 177 and 178: Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
Page 179 and 180: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
Page 181 and 182: 174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
Page 183 and 184: Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
Page 185 and 186: Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
Page 187 and 188: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
Page 189 and 190: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
Page 191 and 192: Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
Page 195 and 196: APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
Page 199 and 200: 192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
Page 201 and 202: Inert ingredients are not necessari
Page 203 and 204: 196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
Page 205 and 206: Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
Page 207 and 208: Plant Management Network. A non-pro
Page 209: Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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