Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Tolerance is a characteristic of some plants that enables them to withstand or recover from insect or disease damage. An example of breeding for tolerance is the development of corn plants with vigorous root systems that can compensate when they are attacked by corn rootworms. Another example is breeding sweet corn with husks that inhibit the ability of insects to damage the ear. Tolerance to disease is commonly found against plant viruses, where a plant can be infected with a virus but show few symptoms, and the infection has little, if any, effect on yield. RESISTANCE TO PESTS CAN BE INHERITED IN TWO WAYS: Vertical resistance is more commonly a form of disease resistance and is generally controlled by a single gene, referred to as an R-gene. These R-genes can be remarkably effective in controlling disease and can confer complete resistance; however, each R-gene provides resistance to only one race of the pathogen. Thus, depending on the race of the pathogen present in a given area, a variety may appear strongly resistant or completely susceptible. Many varieties contain multiple R-genes against the same pathogen; for example, many bell pepper varieties have resistance known as X3R, which confers resistance to three races of Xanthomonas (the pathogen that causes bacterial leaf spot). Horizontal resistance is also known as multi-gene resistance because it is controlled by many genes. Because of the large number of genes involved, breeding varieties with horizontal resistance is much more difficult than varieties with vertical resistance. Unlike vertical resistance, horizontal resistance generally does not completely prevent a plant from becoming damaged. For pathogens, this type of resistance may slow the infection process so much that the pathogen does not grow well or spread to other plants. Additionally, horizontal resistance is generally effective against all races of a pathogen. In 1965, 65 of 300 crop cultivars registered in the US contained some disease resistance, while only 6% contained significant levels of insect resistance (Smith 1989). This difference can be attributed to the general tendency for multiple plant genes to be involved in insect resistance and the increased difficulty that breeding polygenic resistance requires. Plant breeders, and the plant pathologists and entomologists with whom they collaborate, constantly seek new sources for developing resistant plants. Sources of plant material that can be utilized for resistant germplasm include the USDA, international research centers, foreign seed banks, private individuals, and seed companies. Genetic engineering (GE) is used to produce some pest-resistant crop varieties. Genetically engineered crops are not permitted under USDA organic standards, so growers must verify that seeds they purchase have not been developed using GE techniques. REFERENCES Gebhardt, C., & Valkonen, J. P. T. (2001). Organization of genes controlling disease resistance in the potato genome. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 39, 79-102. Pedley, K. F., & Martin, G. B. (2003). Molecular basis of Pto-mediated resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 41, 215-243. Smith, C. M. 1(989). Plant resistance to insects. John Wiley and Sons. Organic Resource Guide 187
APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial Insects 188 Organic Resource Guide HABITATS FOR BENEFICIAL INSECTS Beneficial insects, such as predators and parasites, are fundamentally important to preventing outbreaks of pest insect populations. Key tenets of insect pest management include: • Sustain natural enemies through the use of habitat manipulation. • Avoid pests by using cultural practices. • When necessary, use rescue insecticide treatments or other practices to control the pests, but choose products and practices that have minimal effects on beneficial insects Plant diversity in agricultural settings generally adds stability to the system and helps to encourage the presence of beneficial insects. There are different options for providing plant diversity, depending on whether the main crops are annuals or perennials. Generally, crop diversity can be achieved using crop mixtures, crop rotations, border crops or windbreaks, or plants known to be attractive to beneficial insects. Landscape complexity commonly favors populations of beneficial insects, while lack of complexity generally increases insect pest outbreaks. Adding plant complexity to a system can be achieved by providing sites that beneficial insects may use to: obtain nectar or pollen, survive on alternate insect hosts, find habitats in which to increase their numbers, or overwinter. However, since interactions in agricultural systems are complex, potential detrimental interactions are also a concern. Habitat manipulation to increase biological control requires knowledge about plant biology, potential interactions with other components of the system (i.e., plant diseases), and a general understanding of the life cycle and habits of insect pests and their natural enemies. For example, if plants are added to the system to encourage the build up of beneficial insects, those same plants may also harbor diseases or host insect pests that could affect the cash crop. Some ecologists caution that the potential benefits of habitat manipulation to increase natural enemy populations may be outweighed by the potential liabilities, but a better understanding of the components of the particular system should help to avoid such situations. As a general guideline, rather than trying to incorporate as much diversity into agricultural systems as one sees in natural settings, selecting a specific tactic that will provide the sought-after benefits may be more appropriate. For example, if the goal is to encourage the early buildup of ladybird beetles that will feed on pests of sweet corn, planting some corn early may provide a suitable habitat for ladybird beetles, which may move to later plantings of corn. Another example is to incorporate plants that flower for long periods of time and are attractive to natural enemies, but do not harbor pests that might spill over to the cash crop. Also, when a pest species feeds on a wide variety of native plants (e.g., the tarnished plant bug), manipulating the habitat to encourage natural enemies is difficult. Flowering plants may provide nectar that can increase the life span and number of eggs produced by a beneficial species. In addition to providing necessary landscape diversification, these flowering plants can be used as part of the farm’s saleable crops. When choosing plants to add diversity, a good rule of thumb is to avoid plants in the same family as the cash crop because they may also serve as hosts for insects and diseases of the cash crop. Weeds may also play a significant role in adding plant diversity. Flowering weeds in the families Compositae (e.g., daisy), Labiatae (e.g., mint), and Umbelliferae (e.g, dill, Queen Anne’s Lace) are often cited in the literature as being able to support stable populations of natural enemies. The spatial layout of the planting is also an important consideration, and the goal is to use a spatial scale for planting habitats for beneficial insects that encourages them to easily find their pest hosts. For example, planting flowers around smaller blocks of the cash crop is likely more beneficial than having large blocks of the cash crop planted at a longer distance from the
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ii Organic Resource Guide
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iv Organic Resource Guide
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vi Organic Resource Guide
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2 Organic Resource Guide bibliograp
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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8 Organic Resource Guide to female
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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14 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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54 Organic Resource Guide 4. Manage
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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106 Organic Resource Guide from tol
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
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Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
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Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
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level of pest control is likely to
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
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eetle in field trials; however, it
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Page 153 and 154: Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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Page 167 and 168: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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Page 175 and 176: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
Page 177 and 178: Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
Page 179 and 180: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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Page 183 and 184: Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Page 187 and 188: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
Page 189 and 190: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
Page 191 and 192: Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
Page 193: APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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Page 205 and 206: Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
Page 207 and 208: Plant Management Network. A non-pro
Page 209: Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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