Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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Howell, C. R. (2003). Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: the history and current concepts. Plant Disease, 87(1), 4-10. Lange, H. W. & Smart, C. D. (2005). Comparing efficacy of foliar and soil treatments for bacterial speck of tomato, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 60, V082. Online Publication. doi:10.1094/FN60. NOP. 2000. USDA National Organic Program 7CFR 205.601(a)(7), 205.601(b)(1), 205.601(d) and 205.601(e)(8) Seaman, A. J. (2003). Efficacy of OMRI-Approved Products for Tomato Foliar Disease Control. 2002 New York State Vegetable Project Reports Relating to IPM. NYS IPM Publication #129. Trichoderma harzianum (T-22, F-Stop) – EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet 11/90. Trichoderma species. (2008). Final Registration Review Decision. Case 6050. Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0245. Organic Resource Guide 185
APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Insects and Diseases PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS AND DISEASES Selecting a plant variety with resistance or tolerance to insects or diseases may allow producers to avoid or reduce the use of pesticides and other management tactics. Seed catalogues and Cooperative Extension publications should be carefully examined to find varieties of plants that have resistance, or at least some level of tolerance, to the important pests in a given area. Field experience also helps one decide which varieties to grow and which ones are susceptible to insect and disease pests. Plant resistance should be considered a cornerstone for pest management for organic growers. Commercial varieties of plants are rarely, if ever, resistant to all insects and diseases in a specific area, so identifying the pests that are most damaging and finding suitable, resistant varieties are important steps in pest control. Successful breeding for insect and disease resistance has occurred in many different crop types, including vegetables, fruits, field crops, and ornamentals. Because field crops are considered low value crops in comparison with fruits and vegetables, control costs must be minimized; in these crops, host plant resistance breeding has had the most attention and success. As far back as the late 1700’s, wheat varieties resistant to the Hessian fly were used in commercial plantings, and host plant resistance remains a major tactic for insect control in field crops today. Disease resistance has also become the standard method for controlling fungal and viral pathogens in corn, wheat, and other field crops, as well as many important vegetable crops. There are many similarities in breeding for disease and insect resistance, including the ability of pests to overcome the resistance. Plants and pests interact on a physical, chemical, and molecular level, and changes in the genetics of either the plant or the pest may affect their interaction; thus, there is a constant battle in which the pest evolves to overcome whatever resistance the plant may have. Depending upon the complexity of the interaction between the pest and the plant, plant resistance may either break down rapidly or be long-lived. Plant resistance to pests is based on plant genetics and the consequential molecular interactions that occur between host and pest organism (Gebhardt & Valkonen 2001; Pedley & Martin 2003). Based on how the pest and plant interact, there are three general types of mechanisms for resistance: antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. Antibiosis is defined as the adverse effect that a plant may have on a pest because of chemicals or structures that the plant possesses. Plants contain chemicals that may be toxic to a pest or cause it to grow more slowly. For example, the chemical commonly referred to as “DIMBOA” is antibiotic to the European corn borer and occurs in corn, rye, and wheat varieties. There are dozens of plant chemicals that have an antibiotic effect on insects, including botanical pesticides, such as rotenone and pyrethrum. Some chemicals (e.g., jasmonic acid) may be produced by plants when first attacked by insects or pathogens; however, their levels are usually too low to provide adequate protection. Likewise, plants may possess structures, such as hairs or trichomes, that impede insects or secrete chemicals that ensnarl them and thus, have an antibiotic effect. Antixenosis resistance involves behavioral factors that cause an insect to avoid the plant for feeding or laying its eggs. This lack of selection could be the result of chemicals, colors, or even the presence of structures on the plant. An example of antixenosis is the chemical, coumarin, which is produced by sweet clover and deters feeding by the vegetable weevil and several other insect pests. 186 Organic Resource Guide
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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54 Organic Resource Guide 4. Manage
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EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Organic Insect and Disease Control
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2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
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soil either as pupae or larvae. In
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CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
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Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
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CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
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Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
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CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
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Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
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Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
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CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
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Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
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CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
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Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
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Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
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106 Organic Resource Guide from tol
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Because university trials are often
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The spray deposit may only last for
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In Figure 1, “good control” mea
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FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
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A summary of university field trial
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
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14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
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Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
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Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
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level of pest control is likely to
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
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Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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Page 153 and 154: Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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Page 159 and 160: 152 Organic Resource Guide plant oi
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Page 163 and 164: 156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
Page 165 and 166: Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
Page 167 and 168: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
Page 169 and 170: maternal mortality was seen at this
Page 171 and 172: 164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
Page 173 and 174: Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Page 175 and 176: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
Page 177 and 178: Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
Page 179 and 180: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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Page 183 and 184: Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
Page 185 and 186: Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
Page 187 and 188: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
Page 189 and 190: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
Page 191: Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
Page 195 and 196: APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
Page 199 and 200: 192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
Page 201 and 202: Inert ingredients are not necessari
Page 203 and 204: 196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
Page 205 and 206: Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
Page 207 and 208: Plant Management Network. A non-pro
Page 209: Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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