Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease ... - Cornell University

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that 60-75% of the seed used for the US cotton crop was treated with Kodiak for suppression of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia pathogens. Note: Kodiak is not OMRI Listed at the time of publication TYPES OF PESTS IT CONTROLS: Iturins are reportedly active against the fungus Sclerotinia fruticola, which causes rots of harvested stone fruit. B. subtilis has also been tested for control of the pathogenic fungus Verticillium. B. subtilis has been used in conjunction with Streptomyces gramicifaciens for control of root rot in cucumber, corky rot of tomato, and carnation wilt. According to manufacturers, Norway maple inoculated with B. subtilis also shows increased resistance to fungal diseases. It is also claimed to suppress diseases caused by Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp (CPL 2002). FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION GUIDELINES: The labels require use of personal protective equipment (long-sleeved shirt, long pants, gloves, shoes, socks, dust/mist filtering respirator) to mitigate the risk of dermal sensitivity and possible allergic reactions. AVAILABLE STRAINS QST 713 is a foliar application product predominantly used against powdery mildew. GB03 is a soil application or seed treatment product predominantly used to control rootinfecting fungi. Note: at the time of publication no formulations of GB03 were OMRI Listed. MBI 600 is used for soil application or seed treatment. B. subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB 24 is also used for soil application. OMRI LISTED PRODUCTS: Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 Rhapsody (Agraquest Inc) Rhapsody ASO (Agraquest Inc) Serenade ASO (Agraquest Inc) Serenade Garden Disease Control Ready-To-Use (Agraquest Inc.) Serenade Garden Disease Control Concentrate (Agraquest Inc.) Serenade MAX (Agraquest Inc.) Serenade SOIL (Agraquest Inc.) References to OMRI listed products in this Guide are based on the 2012 OMRI PRODUCT List. Please consult www.omri.org for changes and updates in the brand name product listings. REENTRY INTERVAL (REI) AND PRE-HARVEST INTERVAL (PHI) The EPA Workers Protection Standard requires a minimum of 4 hours before reentering a treated field. PHI (days to harvest) is zero. AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES B. subtilis products are available in a number of strains and formulations. The OMRI listed products are generally available from pesticide dealers. EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT According to information submitted by the manufacturer and supported by reviewers at NY DEC, when used as a seed inoculant, both B. subtilis and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (the naturally occurring nitrogen fixing bacteria used in HiStick, a soybean seed inoculant) are ubiquitous in the environment. The microbes used in this combination product are not genetically modified and have been used in the past by farmers with no reports of negative impacts on crops. The US EPA required limited toxicological data and established an exemption Organic Resource Guide 105
106 Organic Resource Guide from tolerance for residues of Bacillus subtilis in or on all raw agricultural commodities when applied as a seed treatment for growing agricultural crops (NY DEC 2000). The US EPA Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division documents indicate that B. subtilis MBI 600 is non-toxic and non-pathogenic to birds and insects, and no aquatic exposures are anticipated. No adverse effects to fish or wildlife resources are likely through labeled use of this product, and no impact to groundwater is anticipated. The Department’s evaluation of non-target organisms found the Serenade Biofungicide product to be practically non-toxic to mammals and birds. Label instructions are adequate to protect aquatic organisms and bees. Modeling of maximum use rate applications did not exceed toxicity thresholds for birds, mammals, or aquatic organisms (NY DEC 2000). EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH: In terms of human health, reviewers found the B. subtilis bacteria to be relatively benign. It is not a known human pathogen or disease causing agent. B. subtilis produces the enzyme subtilisin, which has been reported to cause dermal allergic or hypersensitivity reactions in individuals repeatedly exposed to this enzyme in industrial settings. The oral, dermal, and pulmonary acute toxicity data, as well as eye and skin irritation data on the active ingredient and the formulated product, indicate that neither the B. subtilis strain QST 713 nor the Serenade Biofungicide product was very toxic, irritating, pathogenic, or infective to laboratory animals by the above-noted routes of exposure. The Serenade Biofungicide product elicited a mild contact hypersensitivity response (tested on guinea pigs), indicating that it is a potential skin sensitizer (NY DEC 2001). No toxicological effects were reported for B. subtilis MBI 600 following oral or dermal inhalation studies, and no infectivity or pathogenicity was observed. HiStick N/T (based on data for the formerly labeled product Epic) may be somewhat irritating to eyes and skin and may cause skin reactions from direct contact (NY DEC 2000). EFFICACY Serenade In many tests, Serenade showed good results against onion diseases, downy mildew in grapes, and powdery mildew on greenhouse tomatoes. Other trials showed poor to fair efficacy. Trials against fireblight in apples showed some efficacy, though low. This disease is notoriously difficult to control, so even low levels of efficacy are promising. Serenade is often used and trialed in rotation or combination with other fungicides, such as copper products. Results from such trials are not included here, because it is impossible to attribute efficacy data from them directly to Serenade. There is, however, some indication that this use of Serenade may allow for reduced frequency of application of the companion fungicides. Kodiak NOTE: At the time of publication, no Kodiak formulations were OMRI Listed Kodiak seed treatment must be evaluated differently from spray products directed against pathogens. In several trials, yield was used as a measurement of the efficacy of the treatment. Kodiak treatment showed significant yield increases of 11% in potato in one trial and 15% in beans in one trial, and a non-significant increase of 28% in beans in one trial. Since the cost of treatment is small, such increases may make treatment worthwhile for farmers. In four other studies, Kodiak gave little or no visible control of root rot pests, but in one of the four it provided a significant 22% control of Fusarium root rot in beans, and in another its use resulted in an 81% stand increase in chickpeas. A summary of university field trials shows the efficacies of B. subtilis use on various vegetable (Fig. 1) and fruit crops (Fig. 2) commonly grown in the Northeast.
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RESOURCE GUIDE FOR ORGANIC INSECT A
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ii Organic Resource Guide
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iv Organic Resource Guide
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vi Organic Resource Guide
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2 Organic Resource Guide bibliograp
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ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
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6 Organic Resource Guide tion becau
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8 Organic Resource Guide to female
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4. There is some varietal tolerance
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Cultural Control: 1. Use clean garl
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14 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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16 Organic Resource Guide REFERENCE
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2. Rotenone is recommended in the o
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CRUCIFER (Phyllotreta cruciferae) a
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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Cultural Control: 1. Maintain soil
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Cultural Control: 1. Destroying cro
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2. Legume cover crops are good host
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Cultural Control: Maintain recommen
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34 Organic Resource Guide Materials
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II. DISEASE CONTROL________________
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PIPE and beginning applications bef
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42 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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By the time injury to the plant is
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Materials Approved for Organic Prod
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lowing spores. If in contact with d
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esistant varieties, there are still
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52 Organic Resource Guide 2. Sluggo
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Page 63 and 64: ORGANIC INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
Page 65 and 66: EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Ostrinia nubil
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Page 69 and 70: 62 Organic Resource Guide Cultural
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Page 75 and 76: corn borer eggs. Usually, all of th
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Page 79 and 80: Organic Insect and Disease Control
Page 81 and 82: 2. Crop rotation is recommended. 3.
Page 83 and 84: soil either as pupae or larvae. In
Page 85 and 86: Materials Approved for Organic Prod
Page 87 and 88: CAVITY SPOT (Pythium sp.) Cavity sp
Page 89 and 90: Photo 1.9 Botrytis porri on garlic.
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 2 - Brassica Photo 2.1 Cabb
Page 93 and 94: Photo 2.14 Alternaria leaf spot sym
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 4 - Cucurbits Photo 4.1 Squ
Page 97 and 98: Photo 4.13 Young powdery mildew les
Page 99 and 100: Photo 5.12 Anthracnose on bean (cou
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 7 - Solanaceous Photo 7.5 C
Page 103 and 104: Photo 7.17 Black scurf of potato (r
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 8 - Sweetcorn Photo 8.1 Cor
Page 107 and 108: Photo 8.14 BMSB Adult (photo courte
Page 109 and 110: Photo 9.9 Cercospora leaf blight on
Page 111: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Bacillus subtil
Page 115 and 116: Because university trials are often
Page 117 and 118: The spray deposit may only last for
Page 119 and 120: In Figure 1, “good control” mea
Page 121 and 122: FORMULATION AND APPLICATION GUIDELI
Page 123 and 124: A summary of university field trial
Page 125 and 126: AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES: Available
Page 127 and 128: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Coniothyrium mi
Page 129 and 130: 14 Contans Efficacy Good Fair
Page 131 and 132: Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (W Neud
Page 133 and 134: Chronic Toxicity: Vineyard sprayers
Page 135 and 136: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Hydrogen Peroxi
Page 137 and 138: level of pest control is likely to
Page 139 and 140: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Kaolin clay 132
Page 141 and 142: eetle in field trials; however, it
Page 143 and 144: MATERIAL FACT SHEET Neem (azadirach
Page 145 and 146: OMRI LISTED (This is a partial list
Page 147 and 148: Other: There is one study showing f
Page 149 and 150: products. Best results were obtaine
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Page 153 and 154: Fish based oils Oleum Fish Oil (Ali
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156 Organic Resource Guide spotted
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Pest Reduction Relative to Untreate
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Rotenone MATERI
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maternal mortality was seen at this
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164 Organic Resource Guide accurate
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Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetle
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Streptomyces ly
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Streptomyces lydicus Efficacy: Vege
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Sulfur MATERIAL
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174 Organic Resource Guide FORMULAT
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Bernard et al (2010) found minor de
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Efficacy of Elemental Sulfur Ag
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MATERIAL FACT SHEET Trichoderma and
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AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES Products v
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Trichoderma atroviridae Efficacy
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APPENDIX A Plant Resistance to Inse
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APPENDIX B Habitats for Beneficial
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APPENDIX C Trap Cropping and Insect
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192 Organic Resource Guide Michanec
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Inert ingredients are not necessari
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196 Organic Resource Guide RESOURCE
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Occurrence Cultural 1=sporadic, con
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Plant Management Network. A non-pro
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Nu Cop® 50 WP Ortho® elementals G
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