18WuD2x

790 Appendix B
@ at the rate of; at cost of x average value of x; x not
e natural number = 2.71828 f(x) or F(x) function of x
pi 3.14159 . . . i 1
( ) parentheses (use to enclose a group of terms)
[ ] brackets (use to enclose a group of terms that j operator, equal to 1
includes one or more groups in parentheses) ∆x increment of x
{ } braces (use to enclose a group of terms that
includes one or more groups in brackets. dx differential of x
∠ angle ∂x partial differential of x
° degrees (arc or temperature)
′ minutes; prime ∆
x
∆y
change in x with respect to y
′′ seconds; double prime
⎥⎥ parallel to d
x
dy
derivative of x with respect to y
⊥ perpendicular to
d
. . . and beyond (x) d y
derivative of x with respect to y
(del or nabla) vector differential operator d y x derivative of x with respect to y
∂
x
∂y
partial derivative of x with respect to y
Operations
x y xadded to y; x OR y summation
x y ysubtracted from x a
b
x y, x y, multiplied by y; x AND y
or xy Π product
summation between limits (from a to b)
x y xdivided by y Π a product between limits (from a to b )
b
x/y or x x divided by y integral
y
1/x reciprocal of x b
integral between limits (from a to b)
x n x raised to the indicated power of n x dy integral of x with respect to y
n
x indicated root n of x |a evaluated at a
a
x : y xis to y | a
b
evaluated between limits (from a to b)
|x| absolute value of x, magnitude of x n! factorial of n
X, X , or X
vector X