Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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1 Introduction and Background1.1 Importance of Building Energy CodesBuilding energy codes are a proven and cost-effective means of improving energyefficiency in new buildings (IEA 2007). Buildings account for about one-third of energyconsumption globally and in the APP countries 1 . Several APP countries are experiencinghigh rates of growth in new buildings, particularly China and India. China, for example,will likely account for 50% of all new building space in the world through 2020. Becausemost of the energy “footprint” of a building is set with its initial design, building energycodes provide essential leverage for improving building energy efficiency. In the UnitedStates, for example, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building Energy Codes Program isestimated to have saved $30-50 for every dollar the program has spent, thus saving over$1 billion in energy costs in a year. This equates to $7 billion in energy savings inresidential buildings through 2010 and $3.3 billion in energy savings in commercialbuildings. 2This report begins with an overview of the building sectors in APP countries. Chapter 2then provides background on the history of building energy codes in APP countries,outlining their progress in improving their building energy codes and implementationprograms in recent decades. Chapter 3 compares the specific details of building energycodes in the APP region including the structure of the codes, issues they address, and thestringency of specific requirements. Chapter 4 highlights how the APP countries haveapproached compliance and implementation and covers a range of issues such as theenforcement framework, test protocols, compliance tools and public information. Chapter5 provides conclusions. The report seeks to provide policy makers and building energycode officials with insights into successful approaches for a range of building energycode issues. In this way, APP countries can learn from each other as they address thechallenges of improving energy efficiency in new buildings to address growing concernsabout climate change and energy security.1.2 Economics, Energy and Carbon EmissionsThe seven APP countries accounted for 45% of the world’s population (in 2007), 48% ofits gross domestic product (GDP) 3 , 51% of its primary energy consumption (in 2005) and54% of its carbon dioxide emissions (in 2005). Four APP countries (the United States,China, Japan and India) are among the world’s top five world economies, and are amongthe largest primary energy consumers and carbon emitters (Table 1).1 The Asia-Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate includes seven countries: Australia,Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, India and the United States.2 For more information, please see http://www.energycodes.gov/whatwedo/index.stm.3 The GDP is in purchasing power parity (PPP) for 2007.14
Table 1 GDP, Primary Energy Consumption, and Carbon Emissions in APP CountriesGDP(2007)GDP(PPP in 2007)CO 2 Emissions(2006)Primary EnergyConsumption (2006)CurrentCurrentPrices inMillionMillion TonsWorld International WorldWorldWorldU.S.Metricof OilRanking Dollars, RankingDollars,Billions 1Billions 2Tons 3 RankingRankingEquivalentAUS 909 15 763 17 417 16 5.6 18CAN 1,436 9 1,270 13 614 7 14.0 7CHN 3,280 4 7,035 2 6,018 1 73.8 2IND 1,101 12 2,997 4 1,293 4 17.7 5JAP 4,382 2 4,292 3 1,247 5 22.8 4KOR 970 14 1,202 14 515 9 9.4 11USA 13,808 1 13,808 1 5,903 2 99.9 1Sources: IMF 2008 and EIA 2008aAUS is Australia, CAN is Canada, CHN is China, IND is India, JAP is Japan, KOR is SouthKorea and USA is the United States.1.3 Building SectorsWith 45% of the world’s population, APP countries also contribute to a large share of theglobal building area floor space.Buildings in Canada accounted for total floor space of 2.2 billion square meters in 2005,71% of which was in residential buildings and the remainder in commercial buildings(OEE, 2007). Most dwellings in Canada are detached single-family houses (67% ofresidential floor space in 2005), followed by apartments (21%), attached single-familyhouses (10%) and mobile homes (2%). There are four major uses of commercialbuildings in Canada: offices (35% of commercial floor space), retail trade (17%),educational service (14%), and health care and social assistance (9%).In China, by the end of 2003 existing buildings accounted for 38 billion square meters offloor space, 37% of which was in urban areas. In recent years, China has been adding 1.8to 2 billion square meters of floor space annually, making it the world’s largest marketfor new construction (Wu and Liu 2007; Wu et al. 2007). Of these new buildings, 60%are residential, 10% are industrial, and 30% are public or commercial 4 (Lang 2005).In 2006, there were 32 million residential buildings in Japan totaling 3.4 billion squaremeters of floor space. Residential buildings consist of detached single-family houses(85% of total residential floor space), houses in the agriculture sector (6%),condominiums (5%) and mixed-use houses (4%). Japan also had 13 million non-4 This report uses the term “public” buildings as defined in China’s regulations, which is similar to the ideaof commercial buildings in other countries. Public buildings in China include government buildings butalso other private buildings used for commerce or services. The term “public” buildings in China does notinclude residential buildings.15
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
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Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
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CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
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and local jurisdiction contact info
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certifying third-party verifiers or
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Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
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Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
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AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
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CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
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Testing Agencies and Certification
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USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
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Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
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CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
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USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
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AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
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JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
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AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
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ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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