Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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ItemsService water heating refers to heating of water for domestic or commercial purposes butnot for space heating. The section on service water heating standards often focuses on 1)the energy efficiency of water heating equipment/systems, 2) insulation, 3) controls, and4) pools (Table 20). Other issues addressed by individual APP countries include solarwater heating and water conservation.Table 20 Major Issues Covered under Service Water Heating in Building Energy Codes in APPCountriesAUS CAN IND JAP KOR USABCA 2007MNECB1997MNECH1997 ECBC2007CCREUB2008DCGREUH1999CCREUH1999 BDCES2008ASHRAE90.1-2007C R C R C R R C REquipment/system X X X X X X XX X XefficiencyInsulationX X X X X XN.A.X X XControls N.AX X N.A. XX X XN.A.N.A.Pools X X X N.A. N.A. X XNote: C = commercial buildings, R = residential buildings, N.A = Not applicable. China does not includeservice water heating in its building energy codes.Equipment/System Efficiency Using energy-efficient water heating is addressed by allthe building energy codes studied except for those of China, which does not includeservice water heating in its commercial and residential building energy codes.In BCA 2007 (Australia), the thermal efficiency of a gas-fired water heater, such as aboiler in a heating system for a building, must meet a thermal efficiency 0.75 to 0.83, and0.76 to 0.80 for an oil-fired system. For design and installation of a hot water supplysystem for sanitary and food preparation, the BCA references AS/NZS 3500.4.MNECB (Canada) requires that service water heating equipment complies with therelevant federal, provincial or territorial standard and act; in the absence of such astandard and act, the energy efficiency performance requirements in MNECB should bemet. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 (the United States) and MNECB cover similar types of waterheating equipment (Table 21), with some differences in size categories. Japan’scommercial code also has requirements regarding equipment and system efficiency.Table 21 Service Water Heating Equipment Performance StandardsClass CAN (MNECB) USA (ASHRAE 90.1-2007)Electric: > 12 kW SL 190L0.59 – 0.0019 V 0.59 – 0.0019 VECBC 2007 (India) refers to other Indian standards for equipment efficiencies.Insulation Thermal insulation of water heating piping, storage, and ductwork isimportant to improve system energy efficiency.IECC200650
Australia mandates that central heating water piping located in an unconditionedspace must be thermally insulated to achieve fixed minimum R-values rangingfrom 0.2 (the hottest zone) to 0.6 (the coldest zone). Heating and coolingductwork and fittings must be sealed against air loss and achieve set minimumtotal R-values ranging from 0.4 (for fittings across all zones) to 1.5 (for heatingonlysystems or refrigerated cooling-only systems in the coldest zone) (BCA2007).Commercial building energy codes in both Canada and the United States provideminimum pipe insulation thickness and insulation conductivity for hot watersystems (MNECB 1997 and ASHRAE 90.1-2007). The United States requirescirculating service hot water piping in a residential house to be insulated to atleast R-2 (IECC 2006); for houses in Canada this value is R-1.5 (MNECH 1997).India requires piping for heating systems with a design operating temperature of60 o C or higher to have at least R-4 insulation and R-2 for heating systems with adesign operating temperature of less than 60 o C (ECBC 2007). South Korea requires a minimum insulation thickness of between 25 mm and 50mm, depending on the pipe diameter for hot water piping. For cold water pipes,the range is between 25 mm and 40 mm with the goal of preventing condensation.For boilers and other heat generation systems, the insulation thickness must bebetween 25 mm and 70 mm.Controls Canada requires service water heating systems with storage tanks in buildingsand houses to be equipped with automatic temperature controls and shutdown controls forany storage capacity over 100 liters (MNECB 1997 and MNECH 1997).Japan’s building energy codes promote the use of controls for water heating incommercial buildings (CCREUB 1999).Service water heating system controls in the United States commercial buildings includetemperature controls, temperature maintenance controls, outlet temperature controls, andcirculating pump controls (ASHRAE 90.1-2007). Residential building codes require that“automatic-circulating hot water system pumps or heat trace shall be arranged to beconveniently turned off automatically or manually when the hot water system is not inoperation.”Pools Canada, India and the United States have similar provisions on swimming pools,which cover pool heaters, time switchers and pool covers.Solar water heating India’s code requires the use of solar water heating in residentialfacilities, hotels, and hospitals with a centralized system to provide at least one fifth ofthe design capacity heating (ECBC 2007). South Korea has provisions for solar waterheating in BDCES 2008. Solar water heating should have active demand control tomaximize daytime consumption and reduce heat storage capacity, and an integratedcontrol system installed between the solar heating and auxiliary heat source (BDCES2008). Codes in Australia, Japan and the United States also provide exceptions to otherrequirements when solar water heating is used.Air pollution When installing a combustion-type heating or hot water supply system inresidential houses, the Japan residential standard encourages property owners to takemeasures to minimize contamination of the inside air (CCREUH 1999).51
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75: AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77: CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79: Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81: USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83: Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85: CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87: USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89: AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91: JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93: AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95: ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97: IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98: OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook

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