Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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Water conservation Canada has mandatory provisions on water conservation forcommercial buildings (MNECB 1997) and non-mandatory provisions for residentialhouses (MNECH 1997).3.6 LightingKey Findings Most APP countries cover lighting in their commercial building energy codes, butnone cover it in their residential building energy codes. China covers lighting in aseparate code. Lighting energy efficiency (or lighting power density) and lighting controls arethe most commonly addressed issues. Australia has the most stringent energy efficiency requirements for lighting inoffice buildings.Lighting energy efficiency is part of the building energy codes for commercial buildingsin six APP countries. The lighting energy efficiency provisions cover lighting in interiorand exterior spaces and lighting controls. Lighting power density (in watts per squaremeter) is employed as a key indicator for the assessment of lighting energy efficiency.Australia, Canada, China, India and the United States provide maximum lighting powerdensity by building and/room function (Table 22), while Japan and South Korea do notexpress their lighting requirements as lighting power density.Table 22 Maximum Illumination Power Density in Offices (W/m 2 )Maximum Illumination Power Density in OfficesAUS 7 (artificially lit to an ambient level of less than 200 lx 45 ) and 10 (artificially lit to anambient level of 200 lx or more).CAN 18.3 (> 25000 m 2 ) to 20.4 (0 to 200 m 2 ).CHN 11 (current value 46 ) and 9 (target value 47 ) for general offices and meeting rooms, and18 (high-class offices, design offices).IND 10.8 (building area method) and 11.8 (space function method).JAP Japan gives lighting efficiency in lumens per watt, not watts per m 2 . The commercialcode also has requirements that factor in the lit area and the distance between the lightsource and the work space. Efficient task lighting receives high scores in thisweighted system.KOR The BDCES has mandatory efficiency standards for each lighting fixture orlamp, but does not regulate the power density of the building as a whole. Thereare also requirements for controls, such as motion-sensors and the controls toallow occupants to turn off the lights in a specific part of a room. Extra pointsare given to buildings with a high share of LED lights.USA 10.8 (building area method) and 11.8 (space function method).45 lx is an international standard unit for luminance.46 The current values refer to the values required or recommended by the lighting standard.47 The target values are the values to be in use in accordance with the decisions made by relatedadministrative agencies.52
China has a separate lighting standard, the Standard for Lighting Design in Buildings(2004), which covers energy efficient design for lighting in residential, commercial andindustrial buildings. None of the residential building energy codes in APP countries coverlighting. In the countries that have special codes for single-family homes (Australia,Canada and the United States), this is probably because many lighting fixtures are oftenadded after the building is built.3.7 Electric PowerKey Findings Australia, Canada, India, South Korea and the United States have individualsections on electric power. China and Japan do not provide specific sections andsubsections on this topic. Power sections/subsections cover such main issues as 1) efficiency of distribution,2) transformers, 3) motors, 4) power control, 4) metering and 5) documentation.Electric power refers to electric equipment and systems associated with buildings andhouses. The building energy codes of Canada, India, and the United States haveindividual sections on this issue. Australia integrates power controls into a section titledArtificial Lighting and Power. A section titled Electric Facility Design Criteria in SouthKorea’s building energy codes provide a subsection on electric power. China and Japando not provide a specific section or subsection in their building energy codes (Table 22).Table 23 Major Covered Issues in Electric Power of Building Energy Codes in APP CountriesAUS CAN IND KOR USAMNECB MNECHASHRAE IECCItems BCA 2007ECBC BDCES1997 199790.1-2007 20062007 2008C R C R C REfficiency ofN.A.X X XdistributionN.A.N.A.Transformers X X XN.A.Motors X X XN.A.XPower Control X X X N.A. XMeteringX X X X XDocumentation N.A.XXN.A.N.A.N.AOthers N.A. X N.A.Note: C = Commercial buildings, R = Residential buildings, N.A = Not applicable.The main issues in a power section/subsection include 1) efficiency of distribution, 2)transformers, 3) motors, 4) power control, 4) metering, 5) documentation and 6) others.Efficiency of Transmission and Distribution Systems India requires that the powerdistribution system losses not exceed 1% of the total power usage (ECBC 2008). SouthKorea mandates that the main line voltage drop must comply with the Korea ElectricAssociation’s indoor wiring regulations (BDCES 2008).Transformers Canada requires that transformers must comply with the relevant federalor local energy-efficiency standards, or in the absence of such standards, with good53
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75: AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77: CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79: Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81: USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83: Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85: CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87: USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89: AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91: JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93: AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95: ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97: IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98: OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook

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