Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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(DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of Construction in 1980 and later revised in 1992,1999, 2003, 2006 and 2008; and 2) Criteria for Clients on the Rationalization of EnergyUse for Houses (CCREUH) issued by the Ministry of International Trade and Industryand the Ministry of Construction in 1980 and later revised several times between 1992and 2008.2.6 South KoreaIn the wake of the oil crisis in the 1970s, South Korea established the Ministry of Powerand Resources. The government then issued the Rational Energy Utilization Act in 1979as a national law for energy efficiency and conservation. It also established the KoreanEnergy Management Corporation in 1980 to manage national energy efficiency programsand policies issued by Rational Energy Utilization Act (Ahn, 1998).Recognizing that its economy is largely fueled by imported fossil fuels, South Korea hasset the three E’s (energy security of supply, economic efficiency and environmentalprotection) as its national goals for achieving sustainable economic development. TheMinistry of Knowledge Economy (formerly the Ministry of Commerce, Industry andEnergy 24 ) is in charge of national energy policy.From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, South Korea focused on improving energyefficiency in the industrial sector. Since the late 1990s, the government has promotedenergy efficiency in the buildings and transportation sectors (Hong et al. 2007). Forexample, the government is preparing new, long-term energy conservation goals for thebuildings sector. These goals are currently anticipated to reduce emissions by 30% in thissector by 2030, as compared with business-as-usual emissions.South Korea issued its first mandatory building standard on insulation thickness in 1977,followed by building energy standards for several types of buildings in the next twodecades. These standards covered offices, hotels, hospitals and residential buildings.These individual standards were integrated into the BDCES in 2001, which is mandatoryfor all types of residential and commercial buildings where high energy consumption isexpected. Major revisions to BDCES were issued in 2003 (incorporated diverse highefficiencyappliances), 2004 (incorporated new technologies) and 2008 (incorporatedrenewable technologies and revised incentive structure for voluntary standards).The BDCES was a product of intensive revision of existing standards and review ofbuilding energy codes of several countries including the United States, the UnitedKingdom, Germany, Japan and Canada. The South Korean government felt that complexcodes like those in the United States may provide detailed rules but it preferred a simpleapproach to ease implementation in South Korea (Lee 2006). The BDCES underwentseveral revisions after 2001; the latest occurred in November 2008. This report reflectsthe November 2008 version of the standard.The BDCES and the RBFCO represent different types of sub-regulations under theframework of the Building Act. The RBFCO, first implemented in 1992, containsprescriptive requirements for insulation, but also for construction more broadly, including24 The Ministry of Energy and Resources was established in 1978 after the oil crisis and later integrated intothe Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy.28
safety. 25 By contrast, the BDCES specifically covers energy. For this reason, this reportfocuses primarily on the BDCES. Any references to the RBFCO in this report reflect the2008 version of the standard.2.7 The United StatesIn response to the 1973 energy crisis, the United States began developing energy codesand standards for buildings. The first standard developed was the ASHRAE Standard 90 -75 Energy Conservation in New Building Design, published in 1975. That same year, theUnited States Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. ASHRAE/IESStandard 90.1 was first mentioned in the national energy policy act, and it was suggestedthat it be established as an amended uniform national standard (Congress, 1975).The Energy Policy Act of 1992 had significant impacts on the development of buildingenergy codes. This law required the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to be activelyinvolved in the development and deployment of building energy codes and to collaborateclosely with states, local governments, and building code communities. DOE is alsoresponsible for determining if new versions of model energy codes save energy.ASHRAE Standard 90.1 serves as the basis for DOE’s formal determinations of energysavings for commercial buildings and high-rise multi-family residential buildings asmandated by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 also listedthe Council of America Building Officials’ Model Energy Code of 1992 as the basis forthe DOE’s formal determinations of energy savings for low-rise residential buildings.Since then, building energy codes have attracted more coverage in national energylegislation. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 covered building energy codes in thesubsections of “Federal building performance standards” and “Energy-efficient publicbuildings.” 26 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the most recent UnitedStates energy legislation, underscores the important role of building energy codes inbuilding energy efficiency in subtitles of “Residential Building Efficiency,” “High-Performance Commercial Buildings,” “High-Performance Federal Buildings,” and“Healthy High-Performance Schools.”In the United States, ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 is a model energy standard for thecommercial design community. IECC developed by the International Code Council (thesuccessor to the Council of America Building Officials’ Model Energy Code), is a modelcode for the code enforcement community for both residential and commercial buildings.Since 1975, the ASHRAE Standard 90 has been issued (under the names 90A and 90.1)in 1980, 1989, 1999, 2001, 2004 and most recently in 2007. Model energy codes wereissued in 1977, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1993 and 1995 by the Council of AmericaBuilding Officials and in 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006 and the forthcoming 2009 by the ICC.DOE is currently working with both IECC and ASHRAE to improve the residential andcommercial energy codes by 30%. DOE’s goal under this initiative is that by 2012 and2010 (respectively) new buildings would be 30% more efficient than buildings built25 Articles 21 and 22 of the RBFCO refer to the BDCES.26 The structure of the Energy Policy Act consists of a number of titles, which include a number of subtitles.A subtitle includes a number of subsections labeled as “Sec.”29
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75: AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77: CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79:
Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81:
USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83:
Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85:
CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87:
USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89:
AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91:
JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93:
AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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