Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings All countries have requirements regarding the building envelope in their buildingenergy codes. These requirements cover thermal characteristics of buildingenvelope components such as roofs, walls and windows. Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and the United States address shadingin their building energy codes. Australia, China, India, Japan and South Koreaalso mention orientation in their building energy codes. In comparing U-factors for walls, roofs, floors and windows across four climatezones, no one country stands out as having consistently the most stringentrequirements. India tends to have relatively low U-factors (or high efficiencyrequirements), although at present, the prescriptive requirements are notmandatory. Japan has relatively stringent requirements regarding windows incommercial buildings. China tends to have lower requirements than the majorityof countries in many categories, but not by dramatic amounts. The United Statesin some categories has the most stringent requirements, and in others is the leaststringent, particularly in the warmest zone. For example, the United States overallhas the most stringent requirements for roof insulation in single-family homes.Canada has comparatively stringent envelope requirements for buildings heatedwith electricity, but generally less stringent requirements for other types ofbuildings.Building envelope refers to building components that separate indoor space from outdoorspace, exterior air or the ground. The main building envelope components include theroof, walls, floors, doors, windows and skylights. The thermal characteristics of thebuilding envelope are widely believed to be the most important topic in building energycodes from the perspective of impact on energy use. Building energy codes in all APPcountries cover building envelope requirements among one of the first issues addressed inthe text of the codes (Table 8).Table 9 Building Envelope in Building Energy Codes of APP CountriesSection Title (s)Main ContentBuildingEnvelopeAUSBCA 2007ExternalWindowBuilding SealingBuilding envelope must have insulation that complies withthe Australian-New Zealand standards (AS/NZS 4859) 29 .There are detailed provisions on how insulation is to beinstalled, and requirements on the degree of thermalresistance in roofs, walls, floors and skylights.Energy efficiency characteristics of windows.Building sealing for chimneys and flues, skylights, windowsand doors, exhaust fans, construction of roofs, walls andfloors, and evaporative coolers.29 AS/NZS 4859 provides general criteria, technical provisions and test procedures for building insulation.34
CANMNECB1997MNECH1997CHNCommercialBuildings2005CHNResidentialBuildingCodes inHeating,HSCW andHSWWZonesINDECBC2008JAPCCREUB2008JAPDCGREUH1999BuildingEnvelopeDesign forArchitecture andBuildingThermalEngineeringThermal Designfor Architectureand BuildingEnvelope(Heating andHSCW),Envelope(HSWW)EnvelopeHeat Lossthrough theBuildingEnvelopeThermalInsulationThermalPerformance ofthe BuildingEnvelopeThermalPerformance ofWindows andDoors“Components of the building envelope shall be in accordancewith provincial, territorial or municipal building regulations,or, in the absence of such regulations, with the NationalBuilding Code of Canada.”The mandatory envelope requirements also cover 1) abovegroundcomponents of the building envelope, 2) buildingcomponents in contact with the ground, and 3) air tightness.The prescriptive requirements for the building envelope cover1) the above-ground components of the building envelopeand 2) special interior temperature conditions (which is onlyfor MNECB).The mandatory requirements for compliance, achieved witheither the prescriptive requirements or trade-off options,include requirements for roofs, opaque walls, floors, verticalfenestration and skylights. The voluntary requirements for theinside surface temperature of thermal bridges in envelope,exterior window shading, natural ventilation, etc.This section provides U-factors for building envelopes byoutdoor temperature, shape coefficient, Window-to-WallRatio (WWR), orientation and other prescriptive criteria inthe heating, HSCW, and HSWW zones.ECBC requires the building envelope to comply with themandatory provisions and either the prescriptive criteria orthe trade-off options. Building designers can also use thewhole building performance provisions of the code tocompensate for high performance in one area of compliance,such as the envelope, with somewhat lower performance inanother (for example, lighting).This section includes a point system addressing specificinsulation and window requirements, the orientation of outerwalls and the building shape. Points required vary based onclimate zone and building function.This section provides three provisions related to the thermalinsulation of the building envelope (building envelope design,insulation material construction and air-tight layers).This section requires that building components be insulated.Specifically, external roofs, ceilings, walls and floors shouldbe insulated, while sheds, garages, attics, eaves, sleeve wallsand verandas do not have to be insulated.This section provides the maximum heat transfer coefficient(U-factors) of windows and doors.35
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75: AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77: CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79: Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81: USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83: Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85:
CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87:
USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89:
AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91:
JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93:
AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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