Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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thermal requirements for roofs, floors and windows because it has particularly stringentrequirements for electrically heated buildings. Canadian U-factors for buildings withnatural gas heating are much lower. The United States has the most stringentrequirements for walls. Excluding Canada’s electrically heated buildings, India has themost stringent wall requirements and China has the most stringent window U-values.China’s thermal requirements for opaque building envelope components for commercialbuildings are average for this climate zone. Figure 4 highlights the window U-factors,while Table 13 provides details on the range of requirements in the very cold climatezone.Figure 4 Comparison of Wall U-factor Requirements in the Very Cold Zone0.60.50.4U-factor0.3Low maximumHigh maximumMidpoint0.20.10Harbin, CHN(Residential)Calgary, CANHarbin, CHN(Commercial)Duluth, USALeh, INDTable 14 Thermal Characteristics of Roofs, Walls, Floors and Windows in the Very Cold ZoneCitiesCalgaryCANHarbinCHNMaximum U-factors W/(m²·K)Window IndicatorsRoof Wall Floor Window0.22 (Type I),Maximum U-factor:0.29 (Type II0.33 (Non natural2.80 to 1.40 (Non naturalby electricitygas), 0.55gas) and 3.40 to 1.90and other), and(Natural gas)(Natural gas) by WWR.0.47 (Type IIOthers)0.23 (Type II),0.29 (Type IIInon naturalgas), and 0.47(Type IIInatural gas)0.30-0.35 0.40-0.45 0.40-0.45Maximum U-factor: 3.0 to1.7 by WWR0.30-0.50 0.40-0.52 0.30 to 0.52 Maximum U-factor: 2.544
LehIND 42DuluthUSA0.41 (Others)0.26 (24-hourbuildings),0.36(Insulationabove deck) to0.37 (Metalbuilding)0.35 (Others) to0.40 (24-hourbuilding)0.51 (Mass), 0.32(Metal building),0.36 (Steelframed)N.A.0.50 (Mass),0.30 (Steeljoist)Maximum U-factor is3.30, and maximum SHGCis 0.51Maximum U-factor: 3.24 to2.61 by WWRSHGC: 0.49 to 0.36 byWWR,SHGC of north window:0.69Note: Italicized text refers to residential buildings. Shaded boxes and bold text highlight the moststringent requirements in a given category. When countries have a range of requirements to coverdifferent types of situations, the midpoint of this range is used as the point of comparison. N.A. = Notapplicable.APP countries that also have codes addressing energy requirements for individualhomes are Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States. Figures 5 and 6 look at therequirements for walls and roofs in such buildings across a range of climate zones inthe APP countries. Not surprisingly, requirements become more stringent in the colderclimate zones. Overall, the United States has the most stringent requirements forinsulation in roofs among these four countries but no single country appears to have themost stringent wall requirements across all the climate zones.Figure 5 Maximum U-factors in Residential Roofs by Climate Zone 43Note: Climate zone 1 is hot, 2 is warm, 3 is cool, and 4 is very cold. See Table 9 for detailed descriptionsof these zones.42 For more information, please seewww.usc.edu/dept/architecture/mbs/papers/ecs/94_aeshim/himalayas_94.html.43 The maximum U-factor for residential roofs in South Korea (0.29 W/m 2·K) is cited in RBFCO.45
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75: AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77: CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79: Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81: USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83: Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85: CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87: USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89: AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91: JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93: AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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