Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

can significantly increase energy demand, particularly in warm climates. Glass with moreefficient properties is available, but it is rarely as efficient as heavy construction, eventhough glass can also provide day-lighting, which can reduce lighting demand withappropriate controls.Residential housing styles Single-family homes are the most common type of residentialbuildings in Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States. In contrast, townhouses andapartment buildings are the most popular types of housing in South Korea. Sinceapartment buildings are dominant in China, China’s residential building energy codesfocus on apartment buildings.Within the category of residential houses, the western style of houses, such as those inAustralia, Canada and the United States, are strikingly different in both appearance andinner construction compared to traditional styles of houses in Japan. For example, triplefrontedbrick veneer is a popular housing style in Australia. This type of a house has abrick exterior, and its interior walls are supported by wood frames. 12 In a traditionalhouse in Japan, any room in the main living area could be used as a living room, bedroom,dining room and study, which can be partitioned with a sliding door made of wood andpaper 13 . Many modern houses in Japan are imported from other countries including theUnited States and Canada. As a result, such homes in Japan may become more similar tohouses in the United States and Canada than traditional Japanese homes. In addition,houses in Japan usually have a shorter lifespan: 26 years versus 44 years for an averagehouse in the United States. 14Overhangs and shading Window overhangs are popular in warm climates. Buildingenergy codes in Australia, China and India have provisions for shading such asintegrating shading into the calculation of performance requirements for windows(Australia, China and India) and requirements for installation of shading devices toreduce indoor energy consumption (Australia and China). The United States also hasprovisions for shading in commercial buildings.Heating and air conditioning In the United States, Canada 15 , Australia and South Korea,buildings tend to be sold already equipped with equipment for heating, ventilation and airconditioning (HVAC) and water heating. 16 This is not the case for residential buildings inChina, for example. In China, room air conditioners and water heaters are usuallyinstalled by residents before or after they move in. As a result, there are no provisionsregarding service water heating in China’s residential building energy codes.In most parts of Canada, heating is a necessity but air conditioning is not, while airconditioning is a must-have for most buildings in the United States. The Model National12 For more information, please see www.homedesigndirectory.com.au/articles/ArchitecturalStyles.shtml.13 For more information, please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Japan.14 For more information, please see www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Reginaldo-39229-sem-japanmarket-Opportunity-ChallengeChanging-Housing-Outline-Second-Largest-Situation-marke-Education-pptpowerpoint/.15 There is an ongoing effort in Canada to maintain harmonization with United States’ HVAC, lighting andpower standards. While, overall, building energy code adoption is not consistent across Canada,compliance with product energy efficiency regulation is more or less consistent.16 Korean residential buildings tend to rely on district heating for heating. Relatively few residentialbuildings in Korea have air conditioning, though luxury high-rises increasingly do have air conditioning.20
Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (MNECB) and the Model National Energy Code ofCanada for Houses (MNECH) provide less stringent energy performance requirementswith less comprehensive differentiation in types of air conditioning equipment comparedto the United States standard, ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Air conditioning is increasinglypopular throughout Asia, but in some countries, people are more willing to accept agreater range of indoor temperatures (hence reducing the energy bill for heating and airconditioning).Some additional issues Building orientation is not regulated in the United States andCanadian building energy codes, but it is regulated in Australia, China, India, Japan andSouth Korea. China, South Korea and Japan recommend that the orientation of a housingunit should face south, for example.Building energy codes do not contain provisions regarding housing size, though housingsize is an important indicator of energy consumption. Average housing size varies amongthe APP countries.1.8 Climate ZonesSome provisions of building energy codes, especially the thermal characteristics of thebuilding envelope, are grouped by climate zones or geographic locations. For example,a) The Building Code of Australia (BCA 2007) divides Australia into eight climatezones: 1) high-humidity summer, warm winter; 2) warm humid summer, mildwinter; 3) hot dry summer, warm winter; 4) hot dry summer, cool winter; 5) warmtemperate; 6) mild temperate; 7) cool temperate; and 8) "alpine" area.b) Canada’s MNECB 1997 and MNECH 1997 provide thermal characteristics of thebuilding envelope by its ten provinces and two territories. 17c) China identifies five climate zones in its building energy codes for commercialbuildings: 1) severe cold area A, 2) severe cold area B, 3) cold, 4) hot summerand cold winter (HSCW), and 5) hot summer and warm winter (HSWW). China’sthree residential building energy codes focus on three climate zones: 1) heatingzones (a combination of severe cold area A and B, and cold); 2) HSCW; and 3)HSWW, respectively.d) The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC 2007) divides India into fiveclimate zones: 1) composite, 2) hot and dry, 3) warm and humid, 4) moderate and5) cold.e) In Japan, building energy codes for commercial buildings are differentiatebetween an ordinary zone (covering most of Japan), a cold zone (covering the farnorth), and a tropical zone. Building energy codes for residential buildingsprovide requirements for six zones. These zones are based on heating degree days,so for example zone IV covers areas with an average of 1,500 to 2,500 heatingdegree days per year. This zone covers Tokyo and much of the central-southernpart of Japan.17 Neither building energy code covers Nunavut, a territory that joined Canada in 1999.21
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71:
Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73:
Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75:
AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77:
CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79:
Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81:
USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83:
Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85:
CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87:
USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89:
AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91:
JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93:
AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
show all

Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?