Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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certifying third-party verifiers or inspectors. The United States and Australia might findSouth Korea’s approach of providing incentives for exceeding the minimum standards ina structured, integrated way to be innovative. Some APP countries might find interestinginsights from the specific requirements that have proven feasible in Australia or Japan,for example. These are just a few examples of how countries might benefit by observingwhat has worked elsewhere.5 ConclusionsAPP countries have all indicated a strong interest in improving building energy efficiency.Each APP country has one or more building energy codes. The codes have become morestringent and complex over time. The codes cover a range of issues that affect buildingenergy use. The insulating properties of the building envelope (the walls, roof, windows,etc.) make up the majority of the requirements in most countries. The codes in mostcountries also promote the efficiency of HVAC, hot water supply, and lighting systems.Many countries also include certain site-specific renewable energy options as alternativesto other requirements (for example, solar water heating).Codes in all countries provide some degree of flexibility. There are several approaches:trade-off options for building envelope requirements, scored point systems for the rangeof requirements and whole building energy performance compliance paths. Thisflexibility enables the codes to be more stringent while still allowing for a wide range inbuilding types.APP countries have taken many different approaches to implementing their codes. MostAPP countries require the review of building designs for compliance with the buildingenergy code and inspection of actual construction to ensure that it matches the design.Some countries have local building code officials conduct the reviews and inspections,while others may rely primarily on certified third-party reviewers and inspectors.Countries use both carrots and sticks to increase compliance rates. Carrots include freetraining and compliance software as well as incentives for buildings that exceed the coderequirements such as low-interest financing and relaxation of certain zoning requirements.To discourage non-compliance, some countries refuse to permit occupancy until codesare met or give fines. APP countries have also developed a range of tools to help buildingdesigners and builders comply with codes.Energy use in buildings accounts for approximately one-third of the total energy use inAPP countries. APP countries will likely account for the overwhelming majority ofprojected new construction worldwide between now and 2020. China alone will accountfor half of new global construction. Buildings in APP countries last an average of 20 to50 years, and it is much easier to change the energy footprint of a building when it is builtthan to retrofit it later. Hence, buildings constructed in APP countries in the next decadeswill have a major impact on global energy consumption trends through much of theremaining century. Building energy codes provide an effective and important tool inpromoting energy efficiency in new construction, which in turn can help APP countriesmeet their environmental and energy security goals.68
Appendix A – Enforcement FrameworkPoint of ControlIncentives for ComplianceAUSBCA 2007CANMNECB1997 andMNECH1997DesignVerificationState andterritorialgovernments,but must follownationalmandatoryminimum energyefficiencyrequirements(ABCB, 2008).Provinces haveauthority overbuilding codes,but enforcementgenerally falls tomunicipalities (J.Clark, personalcommunication).InspectionsAuthority FrequencyState and Inspectionsterritorial during and aftergovernments, constructionbut must follow (Australiannational Institute ofmandatory Building, 2004).minimumenergyefficiencyrequirements(ABCB, 2008).Five third-partyagenciesappointed bynationalgovernment,specificallyNaturalResourcesCanada andNumber andtypes ofinspections varydepending onprovincial ormunicipalguidelines 58PenaltiesIf building does not passinspection, building ownersare not allowed to occupybuilding.If a building is in noncompliance,then province andterritory governments usuallywithhold construction andoccupancy permits and/orissue fines.RewardsSome local governmentscurrently provide incentivesfor compliance.For example, in the city ofProspect, if ceilinginsulation, in-home energymonitors and/or hot waterservices are replaced withgas-boosted solar waterheaters, then money isawarded (Civic Centre,2008).If building design hasoperating energyperformance 25% > samebuilding constructed to theMNECB minimumrequirements, then builderowner receives a monetaryreward (usually twice thevalue of energy savings58 Some provinces have inspection authorities which are generally active in rural areas or smaller towns, but there are no federal authorities present in these areas.In the case of Vancouver and Montreal, the cities have unique constitutional capabilities, which allow them to adopt building codes without provincial consent.The provincial and municipal authorities have the same punitive powers. Enforcement varies widely with the large cities approaching levels achieved inCalifornia (J. Clark, personal communication).69
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PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
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Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
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efficient air conditioning system,
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ContentsForeword ..................
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List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13:
ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15:
1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
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esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75: AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77: CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79: Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81: USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83: Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85: CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87: USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89: AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91: JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93: AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95: ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97: IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98: OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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