Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia’s energy policy focused primarily on the supply side (IEA, 2005).However, the government has aggressively pursued energy efficiency in recent years. In2004, the government published a widely quoted white paper entitled “SecuringAustralia’s Energy Future,” which included an examination of the potential of energyefficiency in reducing energy intensity and carbon emissions. The white paper announcedseveral initiatives including the expansion of the Minimum Energy PerformanceStandards to cover buildings and more appliances (Australian Government, 2009; IEA,2005).With participation from all levels of the Australian government and from representativesof the building industry, the Australian Building Codes Board was officially founded bythe Australian Commonwealth, state and territory governments in 1994 and reaffirmed in2006. Key objectives of Australian Building Codes Board include: 1) maintaining andupdating the BCA, 2) providing regulations to “aid the design, construction and use ofbuildings throughout Australia,” and 3) supporting the governmental agenda on suchissues as relating to climate change (ABCB, 2008).The BCA offers technical provisions in one coding manual for the design andconstruction of buildings and other structures throughout Australia and allows forvariations by climate zone. It covers structure, fire resistance, services, equipment, energyefficiency and certain aspects of health and amenities. Energy efficiency measures wereintroduced into the BCA in January 2003. On energy efficiency, the code allows foreither a performance-based approach to compliance (compared to a reference building),or a prescriptive approach based on requirements for specific building components.Since 2003, the BCA has been updated annually. This report was written based on BCA2007; the most recent version is BCA 2009.2.2 CanadaNatural Resources Canada is the main department of the Canadian governmentresponsible for natural resources and energy. It has promoted energy efficiency and theuse of alternative energy since the late 1970s. Natural Resources Canada’s policyinstruments include: regulation, financial incentives, leadership, information, voluntaryinitiatives, research and development funding, and technology demonstrations (OEE,2006, 2009) The Office of Energy Efficiency of Natural Resources Canada, established in1998, undertakes market transformation initiatives to improve energy efficiency. TheOffice of Energy Efficiency has initiated many influential projects and policies topromote building energy efficiency.Canada approved its first comprehensive law on energy efficiency, the Energy EfficiencyAct, in 1992. 19 This act gives the Government of Canada the authority to make andenforce regulations related to performance and labeling requirements for energy-19 A document entitled “Measures for Energy Conservation in Buildings” was published in 1978 and usedas a guideline for federal and other government buildings, but the document was not written or published incode language.24
consuming products (as well as doors and windows). The act only applies to products thatare imported or shipped between provinces. The act also authorizes the Government ofCanada to collect statistics on energy use and alternative energy (OEE, 2006, 2009).Currently, Canada has seven national building codes 20 , two of which, MNECB andMNECH, relate to building energy efficiency. The Canadian Commission on Buildingand Fire Codes, funded by code sales and the National Research Council, is responsiblefor developing and updating six of the model national codes.The Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes prepared both MNECB andMNECH, and National Research Council first published them in 1997. National ResearchCouncil, Natural Resources Canada, the Canadian Electricity Association, and theprovincial and territorial ministries of energy funded the research to develop the modelcode and the supporting software. MNECB and MNECH were heavily influenced byASHRAE 90.1-1989.In April 2008, National Research Council and Natural Resources Canada announced thatthey were joining forces to update MNECB. Natural Resources Canada is providingtechnical expertise and up to $5 million to support this initiative. National ResearchCouncil will publish the new energy code in 2011. The new code will complement thenext version of the model national construction codes, which are scheduled forpublication in 2010 (NRC, 2008).2.3 ChinaBuilding energy efficiency issues in China have drawn increasing attention from thegovernment since the mid-1980s, when China began its large-scale construction in urbanareas (Huang, 2008). China’s first Energy Conservation Law (released in 1997)addressed the importance of building energy codes in one of its 50 Articles. The revisedEnergy Conservation Law, released in 2007, has a separate Section 21 on ConstructionEnergy Conservation, which includes seven articles directly or indirectly related to buildenergy codes.The National Development and Reform Commission, the powerful administrative entityin charge of China’s macroeconomic policies and development, issued the China Mediumand Long-Term Energy Conservation Plan in 2004. The Plan revealed ambitious energyconservation targets for buildings in China: “During the Eleventh Five-year Plan period,new buildings should be strictly subject to the design standard of 50% energyconservation. Several major cities such as Beijing and Tianjin shall take a lead inimplementing the 65% energy-saving standard. Reform of heat supply system shall becarried out in a full scale. In China’s large and medium cities, a charge system based onthermal meter will be widely spread in district heating of residential and public buildings;20 The other building codes are the 1) National Building Code of Canada, 2) National Fire Code of Canada,3) National Plumbing Code of Canada, 4) National Farm Building Code, and 5) National Housing Codeand Illustrated Guide.21 The sections under Chapter III Rational Use of Energy Conservation include: Section 1 GeneralProvisions, Section 2 Industrial Energy Conservation, Section 3 Construction Energy Conservation, Section4 Transport Energy Conservation, Section 5 Energy Conservation by Public Institutions and Section 6Energy Conservation by Key Energy Consuming Entities.25
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 16 and 17: esidential buildings in 2006, with
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67: and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69: certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73: Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75:
AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77:
CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79:
Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81:
USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83:
Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85:
CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87:
USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89:
AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91:
JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93:
AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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