Shaping the Energy Efficiency in New Buildings - Building Energy ...

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esidential buildings in 2006, with total floor space of 0.7 billion square meters. Nonresidentialbuildings include attached buildings (60% of the total floor space ofcommercial buildings in 2006), factories and warehouses (15%), mixed-use buildings(other than houses) (10%), offices, banks and retails (9%), and temples and religiousbuildings (4%) (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, 2008).In the United States, there were 5 million commercial buildings in 2003 totaling 6.7billion square meters of floor space. Commercial buildings include, but are not limited to,offices (17% of the total floor space of commercial buildings in 2003), mercantile space(16%), warehouses and storage (14%), educational buildings (14%) and lodging (7%)(EIA 2006). In 2005, there were 111 million housing units in the United States totaling25.8 billion square meters of floor space. Residential buildings include detached singlefamilyhouses (89% of total floor space of residential buildings in 2005) 5 , multi-familyapartments (9%) 6 and mobile homes (3%) (EIA, 2008b).1.4 Building Energy UseAccording to International Energy Agency data published in 2007, the APP countriesaccounted for 48% of the world total for building energy use in 2005, 45% for residentialenergy use and 59% of the commercial use. The United States, China and India are thetop three largest building energy users, while China and the United States are the largestresidential and commercial energy users, respectively (Table 2).Table 2 Building Energy Use in APP Countries, 2005 (in thousand tons of oil equivalent)Rank Total Residential Commercial1 USA 472,514 China 331,502 USA 202,7012 China 373,078 USA 269,813 Japan 61,5053 India 168,771 India 156,840 China 41,5764 Japan 116,248 Japan 54,743 Canada 31,0855 Canada 62, 437 Canada 31,352 South Korea 19,2316 South Korea 37,679 South Korea 18, 448 India 11,9317 Australia 15,857 Australia 10,041 Australia 5,816% of the World 48% % of the World 45% % of the World 59%Source: IEA 2007Building energy consumption is a top final energy end use for each APP country. Forexample, in India, China, and Canada building energy use was the largest end use in 2005.India’s 47% final energy use 7 included building energy use, 94% of which was residentialenergy use. Overall, building energy use in the APP region made up 31% of total finalenergy use, compared with 32% globally.From 1995 to 2005, building energy use in South Korea, Australia and China postedmore rapid growth than the world average. For example, South Korea’s average annualgrowth rate for building energy use was 2.9%, while its annual growth rate for residential5 Single-family houses refer to both detached and attached houses.6 Multi-family apartments refer to both apartments in 2-4 unit buildings and apartments in buildings withmore than 5 units.7 Final energy use includes residential and waste heat in the International Energy Agency data.16
energy use is 6.7%. China had the highest annual growth rate, 7.7%, for commercialenergy use among APP countries (Table 3).Table 3 Annual Growth Rate (%) in Building Energy Use in APP Countries, 1995-2005Rank Total Residential Commercial1 South Korea 2.9 South Korea 6.7 China 7.72 Australia 2.4 Australia 1.91 Australia 3.43 China 1.68 Japan 1.87 World 2.44 India 1.66 India 1.7 India 1.55 Japan 1.60 World 1.3 Japan 1.4World 1.5 China 1.1 South Korea 0.36 Canada 1.4 USA 0.8 Canada 0.07 USA 1.1 Canada 0.4 USA 0.0Source: IEA 20071.5 Building Energy Codes and Standards 8The dictionary defines “code” as “a systematic statement of a body of law; especially,one given statutory force,” or “a system of principles or rules.” 9 The word “standard” isdefined as “a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can beevaluated.” 10 To describe minimum requirements for energy efficiency in buildings, mostAPP countries employ either “codes” or “standards.” Some countries, such as Japan andSouth Korea, use the words “criteria” or “guidance” in describing their building energyrequirements (Table 4). In some countries (like the United States) the term “guidance”can indicate a document that is not mandatory.In this report, building energy “codes” and “standards” are used interchangeably.“Guidance” and “criteria” are also used for countries that use these terms as part of theEnglish name of their building energy standards.Table 4 APP Building Energy Codes and Standards Studied in this ReportBuilding energy codes/standards/criteria/guidanceAUS Building Code of Australia 2007 (BCA)CAN 1. Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 1997 (MNECB)2. Model National Energy Code for Houses 1997 (MNECH)CHN 1. Energy Conservation Design Standard for New Heating Residential Buildings19952. Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Hot Summerand Cold Winter Zone 20013. Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Hot Summerand Warm Winter Zone 20034. Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings 2005IND Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 (ECBC)8 This report reflects the most up-to-date information available at the time of printing. The report may notfully reflect the 2008 and 2009 updates to the Japanese Energy Conservation Law as the complete revisedlaw was not available in English.9 For more information, please see www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/code[1].10 For more information, please see www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/standard.17
Page 1 and 2: PNNL-122267Shaping the Energy Effic
Page 3: Shaping the Energy Efficiency in Ne
Page 6 and 7: efficient air conditioning system,
Page 8 and 9: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1 GDP, Primary
Page 12 and 13: ForewordBuildings account for about
Page 14 and 15: 1 Introduction and Background1.1 Im
Page 18 and 19: JAP 1. Criteria for Clients on the
Page 20 and 21: can significantly increase energy d
Page 22 and 23: f) South Korea’s building energy
Page 24 and 25: 2.1 AustraliaIn the past, Australia
Page 26 and 27: small cities will be pilot of such
Page 28 and 29: (DCGREUH) issued by the Ministry of
Page 30 and 31: according to the current codes. Thi
Page 32 and 33: Table 7 Structural Comparison of Bu
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 Building EnvelopeKey Findings A
Page 36 and 37: JAPCCREUH1999KORBDCES2008USAASHRAE9
Page 38 and 39: This study selects the midpoint sco
Page 40 and 41: MiamiUSA0.36(Insulationabove deck)t
Page 42 and 43: Six countries have jurisdictions in
Page 44 and 45: thermal requirements for roofs, flo
Page 46 and 47: Figure 6 Maximum U-factors in Resid
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 HVAC in Japan’s Building
Page 50 and 51: ItemsService water heating refers t
Page 52 and 53: Water conservation Canada has manda
Page 54 and 55: practice (MNECB 1997). India sets m
Page 56 and 57: Canada and India adopt compliance p
Page 58 and 59: Japan only supervises the building
Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Testing and RatingKey Findings
Page 62 and 63: Other commonly used tools among APP
Page 64 and 65: CAN 55MNECH1997CHNINDECBCJAPCanadia
Page 66 and 67:
and local jurisdiction contact info
Page 68 and 69:
certifying third-party verifiers or
Page 70 and 71:
Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 72 and 73:
Point of ControlIncentives for Comp
Page 74 and 75:
AUS,continuedCANTesting Agencies an
Page 76 and 77:
CAN,continuedCHNTesting Agencies an
Page 78 and 79:
Testing Agencies and Certification
Page 80 and 81:
USA,continuedTesting Agencies and C
Page 82 and 83:
Appendix C - Compliance SoftwareAUS
Page 84 and 85:
CANMNECB1997,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 86 and 87:
USAIECC 2006,continuedSoftwareMetho
Page 88 and 89:
AUSBCA 2007,continuedCANMNECB1997CA
Page 90 and 91:
JAP,ContinuedKORUSAASHRAE90.1-2007T
Page 92 and 93:
AcronymsAPPAS/NZSASHRAEAUSBATFBCABD
Page 94 and 95:
ReferencesABCB (Australian Building
Page 96 and 97:
IEA (International Energy Agency).
Page 98:
OEE. 2008. Energy Use Data Handbook
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