HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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89skeletal elementcalcaneustalustibiapatellasacrumpelvismanual phalangemetacarpalcarpalulnaradiushumerusvertebraribsternumscapulaclaviclehyoidmaxillamandiblezygomaticsphenoidethmoidnasaloccipitalparietaltemporalfrontalfibulapedal phalangemetatarsaltarsalfemur0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14quantityTotalNISP: 40elementsteethFig. 13. NISP by element for Cueva de Los Quetzales.Long bone elements present in the sample include femurs, tibiae, fibulae, and humeri.The femur accounts for the highest proportion of long bone material in the sample with10 percent. Minimal cranial material was recovered from this particular cave.The skeletal material from Cueva de Los Quetzales was excavated from threeoperations - CQ1, CQ2, and CQ10. A large proportion of the sample was recoveredfrom Operation CQ1, most of which are teeth and bones of the hands and feet. Longbone and cranial material is not as well represented in the sample. However, a completeleft femoral shaft with possible evidence of bone modification was found in thisoperation. The other two operations produced minimal skeletal material. A rightnavicular found in Lot CQ2-01-0 may articulate with a right talus found in Lot CQ1-10-9. This may illustrate the movement or displacement of articulated or semi-articulated
90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Quetzales.Lot # Lot MNI Subop MNI Op MNI Cave MNICQ1-03-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adult male1 adultCQ1-09-16 1 adult 1 adult 1 subadult1 adult male2 adults1 subadultCQ1-10-9 1 adult 1 adult1 subadultCQ1-10-10 1 adult1 subadultCQ1-10-11CQ1-10-121 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadultCQ1-11-4 1 adult 1 adultCQ1-11-51 adultCQ1-12-4 1 adult 1 adultCQ1-13-4 1 adult 1 adultCQ1-15-12 1 adult 1 adultCQ1-16-81 adult male1 adult1 adult male1 adultCQ2-01-0 1 adult 1 adult 1 adultCQ10-1-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adultTotal 18 12 5 4skeletal elements through the process of water, animal, and/or human disturbance.Operation CQ10 produced two partial fibulae and a tibial fragment. I calculated fourMNIs for the material collected from Cueva de Los Quetzales. The first MNI estimatestreat each lot separately, producing an estimate of 18 individuals – an adult male, 14
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
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36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75 and 76: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 87 and 88: 76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
Page 141 and 142: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
Page 143 and 144: 132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
Page 149 and 150: CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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