CS11-03-2B humerus R complete, head broken off, good preservation, poss.adult maleCS11-03-3B dist.phalange ? manual, completeCS11-03-3B fibula R nearly complete shaft, no prox.end, unfused dist.epiphysis, poss.subadultCS11-03-3B humerus L complete bone, good preservation, cortex flaking off, poss.adultCS11-03-3B med.phalange ? manual, completeCS11-03-3B rib L shaft portionCS11-03-3B vertebra A cervical, body w/ unfused epiphysesCS11-03-4A occipital portion w/ internal occipital crest & protuberance, both tables stained & polished, poss.adultCS11-03-4A rib L poss.rib 12, nearly completeCS11-03-4A rib R complete, no sternal end, poss.adultCS11-03-4C ulna L complete, olecrenon process intact, no dist.head, good preservation, poss.adultCS11-03-4C vertebra A cervical, complete minus spinous processCS11-03-4C vertebra A portion of inferior articular facetCS11-03-4E femur L complete, dist.end broken, unfused head & trochanters, poss.subadultCS11-03-4E scaphoid L completeCS11-04-1/1 med.phalange ? manual, completeCS11-04-1/1 parietal R anterior aspect, coronal suture present, outer table stainedCS11-04-1/1 rib ? shaft fragCS11-04-1/1 rib L articular end w/ poss.lytic lesion on articular facet, facet fusingCS11-04-1/1 vertebra A thoracic, centrum frag., unfused epiphysisCS11-04-1/2 ulna L nearly complete shaft, no ends, parts of prox.endCS11-04-1/3 femur R complete shaft, no ends, part of lesser trochanter, stained & wornCS11-04-1/4 long bone ? 3 fragsCS11-05-1/1 tibia L nearly complete shaft, no ends, stained, poss.adultCS11-05-1/1 ulna L prox.1/3 shaft w/ portion of olecrenon process, poss.adultCS11-05-1/2 frontal portion w/ frontal crest & sinus cavityCS11-05-1/2 med.phalange ? manual, complete, no prox.endCS11-05-1/2 occipital complete, good preservation, poss.young adultCS11-05-1/2 vertebra A articular facet167
CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS11-05-1/4 occipital portion w/ internal occipital protuberance, both tables stained & polished, worn, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 axis A nearly complete, good preservationCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 dist.phalange ? pedal, complete, digit 1CS11-05-1 grp.A/1 fibula R dist.1/2 shaft w/ articular end, dorsal aspect worn, stained, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metacarpal III R complete, good preservation, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metacarpal IV L prox.1/2 shaft, articular end worn, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metacarpal V R complete, circular hole worn into dist.dorsal surface, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metatarsal I L dist.1/2 shaft, no prox.end, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metatarsal II L complete, no dist.end, prox/plantar surface broken offCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metatarsal III R complete, dist.end worn, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metatarsal IV L prox.1/2 shaft, no dist.end, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 metatarsal IV R prox.1/3 shaft, articular end worn, poss.adultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 navicular L completeCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 pelvis R ischium portion w/ pt.of acetabulum, unfused ischial tuberosity, poss.childCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 pelvis R pubis portion, unfused pubic symphysis, poss.childCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 prox.phalange ? pedal, complete, no dist.end, prox.epiphysis fusing, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 prox.phalange ? pedal, 5 completeCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 prox.phalange ? manual, dist.1/2 shaft, unfused dist.epiphysis, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 prox.phalange ? manual, dist.1/2 shaftCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 prox.phalange ? manual, completeCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 prox.phalange ? manual, complete, unfused prox.epiphysis, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 rib ? 6 shaft frags & 1 sternal endCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 rib I L complete, no sternal end, epiphysis fusing, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 vertebra A thoracic, neural arch, unfused epiphysis, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/1 vertebra A thoracic, complete minus spinous process & left transverse processCS11-05-1 grp.A/2 femur ? unfused femoral head, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/2 long bone ? unfused epiphysis, poss.greater trochanter, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/2 navicular L nearly complete, worn to expose trabecular boneCS11-05-1 grp.A/2 pelvis L iliac portion w/ auricular surface & unfused acetabular epiphysis, poss.subadultCS11-05-1 grp.A/2 vertebra A thoracic, centrumCS11-05-1 grp.A/2 vertebra A centrum, unsued epiphysis, poss.subadult168
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
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36Implements such stone tools may h
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38of the young woman involved the r
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40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
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42I) consisted of an excavation in
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44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
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46excavation uncovered evidence of
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48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
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50these remains were recovered by m
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52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
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54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
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56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
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62estimates indicate that Cueva de
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64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
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66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
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68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
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70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
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72modification was one of the more
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74result from a small sample size,
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76material examined in this study,
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78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
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80MNI considered material from 41 l
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82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
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84Three hundred and fifty meters of
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8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
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88calculated an MNI at the level of
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90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
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92the operation and the cave seem m
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94between these two types of activi
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96represent the sample with evidenc
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98The second group consists of eigh
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100One of the deeper cut marks was
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102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
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104occur throughout the bone. The f
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106The identification of human-made
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108harsh effects of the active envi
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110did not affect this particular b
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112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
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114processed for secondary burial (
- Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
- Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
- Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
- Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
- Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
- Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
- Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
- Page 141 and 142: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
- Page 143 and 144: 132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
- Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
- Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
- Page 149 and 150: CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
- Page 151 and 152: APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
- Page 153 and 154: CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
- Page 155 and 156: CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
- Page 157 and 158: CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
- Page 159 and 160: CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
- Page 161 and 162: CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
- Page 163 and 164: APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
- Page 165 and 166: CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
- Page 167 and 168: CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
- Page 169 and 170: CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
- Page 171 and 172: CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
- Page 173 and 174: CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
- Page 175 and 176: CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
- Page 177: CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
- Page 181 and 182: CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
- Page 183 and 184: CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
- Page 185 and 186: CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
- Page 187 and 188: CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
- Page 189 and 190: CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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