HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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viTABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iiiDEDICATION .......................................................................................................... ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vTABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viLIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... ixLIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiCHAPTERI INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1II EVIDENCE OF MAYA CAVE USE .............................................................. 5The cave as sacred space.................................................................................. 7Iconography .............................................................................................. 7Cosmology and religion............................................................................ 8General characteristics of Maya cave use ........................................................ 9Artifactual material................................................................................... 10Artificial constructions and cave modifications ....................................... 12Cave art..................................................................................................... 14Settlement configuration........................................................................... 16Human skeletal material ........................................................................... 18III MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................... 24Skeletal sample................................................................................................. 24Inventory .......................................................................................................... 26Methods – NISPs and MNIs............................................................................. 28Bone modification ............................................................................................ 32Maya mortuary practices.................................................................................. 33Primary burial ........................................................................................... 34Secondary burial ....................................................................................... 35Human sacrifice ........................................................................................ 36Page
viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................................... 39Cueva de El Duende ................................................................................. 40Cueva de Río El Duende........................................................................... 44Cueva de Río Murciélagos........................................................................ 44Cueva de Sangre ....................................................................................... 46Cueva de Kaxon Pec................................................................................. 50Cueva de Los Quetzales............................................................................ 52Sampling bias............................................................................................ 54V NISP AND MNI – AN ANALYSIS ................................................................ 56Cueva de El Duende ................................................................................. 58Cueva de Río El Duende........................................................................... 62Cueva de Río Murciélagos........................................................................ 68Cueva de Sangre ....................................................................................... 74Cueva de Kaxon Pec................................................................................. 82Cueva de Los Quetzales............................................................................ 88VIBONE MODIFICATIONThe sample ....................................................................................................... 95Cut marks ......................................................................................................... 96CD2-01-8B................................................................................................ 96CQ1-16-8/2 ............................................................................................... 99CRM3-03-1/1............................................................................................ 100CNP2-07-1/18........................................................................................... 102Taphonomy....................................................................................................... 103CRM-06-1................................................................................................. 104CNP2-26-1/3............................................................................................. 105VII DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION...................................................... 107Discussion ........................................................................................................ 107Cave context and taphonomic agents........................................................ 107Relative skeletal element frequencies....................................................... 109Demographics ........................................................................................... 111Human cut marks...................................................................................... 113Caves of the Petexbatun ................................................................................... 115Cueva de El Duende ................................................................................. 115Cueva de Río El Duende........................................................................... 116Cueva de Río Murciélagos........................................................................ 117
Page 1 and 2: HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
Page 3 and 4: iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
Page 5: vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
Page 9 and 10: ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
Page 11 and 12: xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
Page 13 and 14: 2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
Page 15 and 16: 4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
Page 19 and 20: 8Caves are also known to share an o
Page 21 and 22: 10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
Page 23 and 24: 12activities, which included bloodl
Page 25 and 26: 14represented. A ceramic analysis r
Page 27 and 28: 16based on the identification of th
Page 29 and 30: 18when a structure is placed over o
Page 31 and 32: 20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
Page 33 and 34: 22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58:
46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60:
48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62:
50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64:
52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66:
54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68:
56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74:
62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75 and 76:
64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
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66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80:
68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82:
70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84:
72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86:
74result from a small sample size,
Page 87 and 88:
76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90:
78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
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80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94:
82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
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84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98:
8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100:
88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102:
90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104:
92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106:
94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108:
96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110:
98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112:
100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114:
102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116:
104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118:
106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120:
108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122:
110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124:
112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126:
114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128:
116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130:
118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132:
120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
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122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136:
124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
Page 137 and 138:
126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
Page 139 and 140:
128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
Page 141 and 142:
130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
Page 143 and 144:
132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
Page 145 and 146:
134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
Page 147 and 148:
APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
Page 149 and 150:
CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
Page 151 and 152:
APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
Page 153 and 154:
CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
Page 155 and 156:
CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
Page 157 and 158:
CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
Page 159 and 160:
CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
Page 161 and 162:
CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
Page 163 and 164:
APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
Page 165 and 166:
CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
Page 167 and 168:
CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
Page 169 and 170:
CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
Page 171 and 172:
CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
Page 173 and 174:
CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
Page 175 and 176:
CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
Page 177 and 178:
CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
Page 179 and 180:
CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
Page 181 and 182:
CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
Page 183 and 184:
CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
Page 185 and 186:
CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
Page 187 and 188:
CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
Page 189 and 190:
CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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