HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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65construction, the movement of material may have been impeded by these elements. Thiswould justify a designation of two separate spaces at that juncture. The first roomextends from Lot CNP2-02-1 to CNP2-07-1. This point was chosen because of a naturalbend in the cave before the next lot. Lot CNP2-08-1 to CNP2-12-1 represents thesecond room, which also accounts for a natural bend in the cave’s layout. The nextroom contains Lots CNP2-13-1 to CNP2-19-1. The sharp bend at the end of the thirdroom was a good starting point for the fourth room, which extends from Lot CNP2-20-1to CNP2-28-1. The final room contains the remaining lots, which include CNP2-27-1 toCNP2-33-1. These rooms may facilitate a better interpretation of the skeletal materialwhen conducting MNI and PNI estimates, than would the operation as a whole.The MNIs and PNIs for Cueva de Río El Duende were calculated on five levels.The MNI estimates at the level of the lot and suboperation produced identical figures,thus both will be considered as one level. The lot/suboperation produced an estimate of74 individuals – 3 adult males, 53 adults of indeterminate age and sex, 6 young adults, 1juvenile, five children, and six additional subadults (Table 4). A pair of complete, robustfemoral shafts represents an adult male from Lot CNP2-07-1. The left femur may haveevidence of bone modification. The other adult male was identified from the distal halfof a left femur found in Lot CNP2-21-1. The proximal half of the same bone wasrecovered from Lot CNP2-08-1, about 150 m away. This indicates that natural and/orhuman agents may have displaced the proximal or the distal portions of this femurconsiderably. This occurrence illustrates that the room divisions may not be an effectivemeans of accounting for the movement of skeletal elements. The final adult male from
66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El Duende.Lot # Lot MNI Subop MNI Room MNI Op MNI Cave MNICNP Stat.16CNP Stat.171 subadult1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadultCNP1-02-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adult 1 adultCNP2-02-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adult male 3 adult malesCNP2-03-1 1 adult 1 adult6 adults 32 adults2 subadults 4 y.adultsCNP2-04-1 2 adults 2 adults7 subadults1 subadult 1 subadultCNP2-05-1 1 adult 1 adultCNP2-06-1 2 adults 2 adultsCNP2-07-1CNP2-08-1CNP2-10-1 2 adults 2 adultsCNP2-11-1 2 adults 2 adultsCNP2-12-1CNP2-13-1CNP2-14-1 2 adults 2 adultsCNP2-15-1 1 adult 1 adultCNP2-17-1CNP2-18-1 2 y.adults 2 y.adultsCNP2-19-1 1 adult 1 adultCNP2-20-1 5 adults 5 adultsCNP2-21-1CNP2-22-1CNP2-24-11 adult male3 adults1 subadult3 adults1 subadult3 adults1 subadult2 adults1 y.adult1 adult1 y.adult1 adult male2 adults1 subadult1 adult1 subadult5 adults1 subadult1 adult male3 adults1 subadult3 adults1 subadult3 adults1 subadult2 adults1 y.adult1 adult1 y.adult1 adult male2 adults1 subadult1 adult1 subadult5 adults1 subadult7 adults2 subadults4 adults3 y.adults2 adult males14 adults3 subadults3 adult males32 adults4 y.adults7 subadults
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
Page 25 and 26: 14represented. A ceramic analysis r
Page 27 and 28: 16based on the identification of th
Page 29 and 30: 18when a structure is placed over o
Page 31 and 32: 20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
Page 33 and 34: 22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 87 and 88: 76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128:
116in mind that this and the many o
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118an adult male recovered from an
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120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
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122some doubt. These assessments ba
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124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
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126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
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128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
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130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
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132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
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134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
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APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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