HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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77material, most of which consists of hand and foot elements that were primarily collectedfrom Lots CS5-07-1 and CS5-08-1. The other lots produced more long bone material.A possible adult male was identified in Lot CS5-01-1 based on the dimensions of twonearly complete femoral shafts and a portion of a left pelvis. Another possible adultmale was identified in Lot CS5-07-1 based on a nearly complete mandible. Accordingto Scott (1994), the new deflocculent technique was used in Operation CS7. Lot CS7-04-1 contains elements of the hand, rib fragments, and a vertebral body. Arm and legbones comprise the sample recovered from Lot CS8-01-1. A considerable amount ofskeletal material was recovered from eight lots in Operation CS9, predominantly longbone and cranial material. For instance, Lot CS9-03-1 produced a large quantity ofcranial material: 11 complete and partial occipitals, 6 frontal bones (three showingpossible evidence of cranial deformation), and 12 nearly complete parietal bones (a fewarticulating with other cranial elements). The final operation (CS11) produced thelargest proportion of hand and foot bones recovered from Cueva de Sangre. Long boneand cranial material also occurred throughout the operation in lower frequencies. Thenew deflocculent technique was also utilized throughout Operation CS11 (Scott 1994a).I calculated MNI and PNI estimates for Cueva de Sangre at three levels – lot,suboperation, and operation. It must be stressed that these calculations are based on anincomplete sample, and the estimates are representative of the material I inventoried. Atthe level of the lot, the entire sample accounted for a minimum of 74 individuals (Table7). This estimate consists of seven possible adult males, 40 adults of indeterminate sex,four young adults, and 23 subadults. The possible identification of 10 children is
78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.CS5-01-1CS8-01-1CS9-01-1CS9-04-1Lot # Lot MNI Subop MNI Op MNICS1-13-2 1 adult 1 adult 1 adult maleCS1-33-1 1 adult 1 adult1 adult1 subadultCS1-46-1 1 adult 1 adultCS1-75-1 1 adult 1 adultCS1-77-2 1 adult male1 adult1 adult male1 adultCS1-78-22 adults1 subadultCS1-91-1 1 adult 1 adultCS1-94-1 1 adult 1 adultCS2-03-43 1 adult 1 adultCS2-10-1 2 subadults 2 subadultsCS2-11-1 1 adult2 subadults1 adult2 subadultsCS3-04-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adultCS4-01-1 1 subadult 1 subadult 1 subadult1 adult male1 subadultCS5-08-1 1 y.adult 1 y.adultCS5-10-1 1 subadult 1 subadultCS7-04-12 adults1 subadult1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadult3 adults1 subadult2 adults1 subadult1 adult male1 subadultCS5-05-1 1 adult male 1 adult maleCS5-07-1 1 adult male 1 adult male1 y.adult 1 y.adult2 adults1 subadult1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadultCS9-02-1 2 subadults 2 subadultsCS9-03-1 8 adults 8 adults2 subadults 2 subadults3 adults1 subadultCS9-05-1 2 adults 2 adults1 adult3 subadults2 adult males2 y.adults1 subadult2 adults1 subadult1 adult1 subadult1 adult male13 adults3 subadults
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75 and 76: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 87: 76material examined in this study,
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
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128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
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130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
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132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
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134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
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APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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