HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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131Massey VK, DG Steele. 1997. A Maya Skull Pit From the Terminal Classic Period,Colha, Belize. In: Whittington SL, DM Reed, editors. Bones of the Maya.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 62-77.Mercer HC. 1896. Hill-Caves of Yucatán. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.Nelson BA, Darling JA, Kice DA. 1992. Mortuary Practices and the Social Order at LaQuemada, Zacatecas, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 3(4):298-315.O’Connor T. 2000. The Archaeology of Animal Bones. College Station, TX: TexasA&M University Press.Owen V. 2002. An Investigation of Classic Maya Cave Mortuary Practices at BartonCreek Cave, Belize. Master’s Thesis, Colorado State University.Pagden AR. 1975. The Maya: Diego de Landa’s Account of the Affairs of Yucatan.Chicago, IL: J.Philip O’Hara.Pendergast DM. 1974. Excavations at Actun Polbilche, Belize. Toronto, Canada: TheHunter Rose Company.Pendergast DM. 1971. Excavations at Eduardo Quiroz Cave, British Honduras (Belize).Toronto, Canada: McCorquodale & Blades Printers Ltd.Pendergast DM. 1970. A.H. Anderson’s Excavations at Rio Frio Cave E, BritishHonduras (Belize). Toronto, Canada: Cape & Company Ltd.Pendergast DM. 1969. The Prehistory of Actun Balam, British Honduras. Toronto,Canada: The University of Toronto Press.Plug C, Plug I. 1990. MNI counts as estimates of species abundance. South AfricanArchaeological Bulletin 45:53-57.
132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Maya Cave Rituals. Archaeology 36(3):28-51.Raemsch CA. 1993. Mechanical Procedures Involved in Bone Dismemberment andDefleshing in Prehistoric Michigan. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology18:217-244.Rue DJ, Freter A, Ballinger DA. 1989. The Caverns of Copán Revisited: PreclassicSites in the Sesesmil River Valley, Copán, Honduras. Journal of FieldArchaeology 16:395-404.Scott A. 1994a. 1993 Investigations in the Cueva de Sangre. In: Demarest AA, ValdésJA, Escobedo H, editors. Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatun. InformePreliminar # 6, Sexta Temporada 1994, volúmen 2. Nashville, TN: VanderbiltUniversity Press. p 537-541.Scott A. 1994b. Investigations of Cueva de Kaxon Pec. In: Demarest AA, Valdés JA,Escobedo H, editors. Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatun. InformePreliminar # 6, Sexta Temporada 1994, volúmen 2. Nashville, TN: VanderbiltUniversity Press. p 542-553.Smith AL. 1972. Excavations at Altar de Sacrificios: Architecture, Settlement, Burials,and Caches. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology andEthnology, v. 62(2). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.Steele DG, Bramblett CA. 1988. The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton.College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.Stone AJ. 1995. Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of MayaCave Painting. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
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36Implements such stone tools may h
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38of the young woman involved the r
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40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
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42I) consisted of an excavation in
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44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
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46excavation uncovered evidence of
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48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
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50these remains were recovered by m
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52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
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54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
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56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
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62estimates indicate that Cueva de
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64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
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66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
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68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
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70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
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72modification was one of the more
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74result from a small sample size,
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76material examined in this study,
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78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
Page 141: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
Page 149 and 150: CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
Page 151 and 152: APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
Page 153 and 154: CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
Page 155 and 156: CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
Page 157 and 158: CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
Page 159 and 160: CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
Page 161 and 162: CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
Page 163 and 164: APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
Page 165 and 166: CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
Page 167 and 168: CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
Page 169 and 170: CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
Page 171 and 172: CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
Page 173 and 174: CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
Page 175 and 176: CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
Page 177 and 178: CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
Page 179 and 180: CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
Page 181 and 182: CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
Page 183 and 184: CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
Page 185 and 186: CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
Page 187 and 188: CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
Page 189 and 190: CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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