HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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63in Guatemala (Wright’s unpublished notes 1994). However, only 240 of these boneswere exported from Guatemala and examined in this study. Seventy-eight complete andincomplete femoral shafts represent the most common element in the deposit, accountingfor 32 percent of the total sample (Figure 9). Humeral (15 percent) and tibial elements(14 percent) also occur in higher frequencies than other elements. Other long bones suchas the ulna, radius, and fibula are not as well represented as the larger, more robustelements of the leg and upper arm. Marginal quantities of mandibular (17 fragments,seven percent) and parietal material (14 fragments, six percent) were also identified.Several portions of temporal, occipital, and frontal bone represent the remaining cranialmaterial present in the deposit. There is a very low incidence of rib and vertebralmaterial, and the bones of the hands and feet are nearly absent. The additional elementsnot present in the sample are comprised primarily of long bone and cranial material, withthe exception of several teeth and a few rib fragments (see Appendix II).Cueva de Río El Duende was divided into three operations – CNP, CNP1, andCNP2. Two long bone fragments and a mandible were recovered from the firstoperation. The preliminary report by Brady et al. (1991) does not mention the exactlocation of this particular operation. The only element collected from Lot CNP1-02-1was a middle phalange of the hand. The largest proportion of human remains wascollected from the last operation. Out of 41 lots in Operation CNP2, 34 contained someskeletal material. The distribution of the bony elements varied from lot to lot. CNP2-07-1, CNP2-12-1, CNP2-20-1, CNP2-24-1, CNP2-26-1, and CNP2-28-1 contained the
64skeletal elementpedal phalangemetatarsaltarsalcalcaneustalusfibulapatellasacrumpelvismanual phalangemetacarpalcarpalradius ulnavertebraribsternumscapulaclavicleteethhyoidmaxillamandiblezygomaticsphenoidethmoidnasaloccipitalparietaltemporalfrontaltibiahumerusfemur0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90quantityTotal NISP:240 elementsFig. 9. NISP by element for Cueva de Río El Duende.largest deposits of bone. Skeletal remains of adults, young adults, juveniles, andchildren are present in the sample.Due to the large size of Operation CNP2, I divided this portion of the cave intofive “rooms,” which vary in length (80-150 m). I considered the physical layout andgeomorphology of the cave in order to identify the most logical points for demarcatingthe rooms. For instance, the flow of water may have displaced bones from one lot anddeposited them in other 5 m away. The proximity of lots to one another is a goodrationale for keeping two or more lots in the same room. However, if two lots wereseparated by a sharp bend or obstructed by a natural cave formation or artificial
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
Page 23 and 24: 12activities, which included bloodl
Page 25 and 26: 14represented. A ceramic analysis r
Page 27 and 28: 16based on the identification of th
Page 29 and 30: 18when a structure is placed over o
Page 31 and 32: 20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
Page 33 and 34: 22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 87 and 88: 76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
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114processed for secondary burial (
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116in mind that this and the many o
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118an adult male recovered from an
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120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
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122some doubt. These assessments ba
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124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
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126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
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128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
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130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
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132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
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134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
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APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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