HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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73TABLE 6. MNI for Cueva de Río Murciélagos.Lot # Lot MNI Subop MNI Op MNI Cave MNICRM-05-1 1 adult 1 adult 2 adults 1 adult male5 adultsCRM-06-1 1 adult 1 adult2 subadultsCRM1-04-5 1 subadult 1 subadult 1 subadultCRM1-06-3 D27 1 subadult 1 subadultCRM1-06-4 D271 subadultCRM3-01-1 2 adults 2 adults2 subadultsCRM3-01-2 2 subadults5 adults2 subadultsCRM3-03-1 3 adults 3 adultsCRM3-04-6 1 adult 1 adultCRM3-06-2 2 adults 2 adultsCRM3-07-21 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadultCRM4-02-1 1 adult male 1 adult male 1 adult maleCRM4-03-1 1 adult 1 adultTotal 19 18 11 8individuals than the estimate at the level of the operation, for a total of eight individuals.An MNI estimate at the level of the cave assumes the skeletal material has experiencedsome type of disturbance, both natural and/or intentional, which may have resulted in thecommingling of the entire sample. However, these processes can occur on all levels.The MNI and PNI estimates produced identical figures. The PNI estimates should beslightly larger than the general estimates. Similar estimates for both MNI groups may
74result from a small sample size, sampling bias, or observer error. The skeletal materialrecovered from CRM represents eight to 19 individuals.Cueva de SangreThe various chambers and niches of Cueva de Sangre produced the largest andmost diverse deposit of human skeletal material recovered from the six caves of thePetexbatun. Eight hundred twenty two skeletal elements constitute the complete sampleof human remains recovered from Cueva de Sangre, of which 493 of these are analyzedand reported here. The remaining 329 bones are documented in the preliminary reportby Brady et al. (1991). Most of this material was surface collected, however, anexperimental recovery technique was used in a few of the operations. As Figure 11demonstrates, the sample contains nearly every skeletal element listed. There were notraces of zygomatic, ethmoid, or nasal material. Vertebral fragments represent the mostabundant element, accounting for 11 percent of the entire sample. Fifty-one completeand incomplete manual phalanges represent another frequently recovered element in thissample. Aside from these manual phalanges, the total number of bones of the hands andfeet account for 13 percent of the sample. Thus, 24 percent of all the elements recoveredfrom Cueva de Sangre are bones of the hands and feet. This may reflect a sampling biasor the simple anatomical fact that hands and feet are comprised of many bones. Otherelements with relatively high frequencies include rib fragments (nine percent), femoralmaterial (eight percent), dental elements (seven percent), and tibial portions (sixpercent). Other long bones such as the humerus, ulna, radius, and fibula, did not occur
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
Page 33 and 34: 22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75 and 76: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83: 72modification was one of the more
Page 87 and 88: 76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
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124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
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126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
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128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
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130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
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132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
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134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
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APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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