HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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87TABLE 10. PNI for Cueva de Kaxon Pec.Lot # Lot MNI Subop MNI Op MNI Cave MNICKP2-01-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adult female1 adult maleCKP2-02-1 2 adults1 subadult2 adults1 subadult9 adults3 subadults1 adult female2 adult male13 adults3 subadultsCKP2-03-1CKP2-04-1CKP2-06-1CKP2-07-1CKP2-08-11 adult female5 adults2 subadults1 adult male1 adult1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadult3 adults1 subadult1 adult female5 adults2 subadults1 adult male1 adult1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadult3 adults1 subadultCKP6-02-1 2 adults 2 adults2 adultsCKP7-06-1 1 adult 1 adult 1 adult male1 adultCKP7-07-1 1 adult male1 adult1 adult male1 adultCKP9-01-1 1 adult 1 adult 2 adults1 subadultCKP9-04-1 1 adult 1 adultCKP9-05-1 1 adult 1 adultCKP9-06-1 1 subadult 1 subadultCKP9-07-1 1 adult 1 adultTotal 32 32 21 19
88calculated an MNI at the level of the entire cave. The entire skeletal sample can beaccounted for by nine individuals – six adults and three subadults.The PNI estimates for this sample produced slightly larger numbers than theMNI estimates. An estimate at the level of the lot/suboperation rendered six moreindividuals (five adults and a subadult) than the MNI estimate, for a total of 32individuals (Table 10). The discrepancies between the MNI and PNI estimates areconsistent throughout the other levels. At the level of the operation, there is a differenceof seven individuals between the estimates. Six additional adults in Operation CKP2and one more in Operation CKP9 increased the total to 21 individuals at the level of theoperation. The number of subadults for both MNIs is identical with three individuals.An estimate at the level of the cave also produced an interesting discrepancy between theMNIs and PNIs. The MNI is nine individuals, whereas the more precise PNI is nearlydouble that figure - 19 individuals. The major difference is in the identification of nineadditional adults in the PNI estimate. According to these PNI estimates, Cueva deKaxon Pec has a skeletal sample representative of 19 to 32 individuals.Cueva de Los QuetzalesCueva de Los Quetzales is the only cave not connected to the extensive cavesystem associated with the site of Dos Pilas. However, the artifactual and skeletalmaterial excavated from this small cave demonstrates its importance during the Mayaoccupancy of the area. A total of 40 skeletal elements were excavated from Cueva deLos Quetzales. Thirty percent of the sample (12 elements) consists of teeth (Figure 13).Bones of the feet also occur in relatively higher frequencies than other skeletal elements.
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75 and 76: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 87 and 88: 76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
Page 141 and 142: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
Page 143 and 144: 132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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