CS9-05-1/3 vertebra A cervical, complete minus left transverse processCS9-05-1/3 vertebra A lumbar, completeCS9-05-1/3 vertebra A thoracic, nearly complete, L-side wornCS9-05-1/3 vertebra A thoracic, R-1/2 body & transverse processCS9-05-1/3 vertebra A 5 neural arch fragsCS9-05-1/3 vertebra A 11+ fragsCS9-05-1/3 vertebra A 3 centrum fragsCS9-05-1/4 frags miscellaneous cortical & trabecular bone fragsCS9-05-1/4 patella R nearly complete, posterior aspect broken, small sizeCS9-05-1/4 patella R nearly complete, lateral aspect broken off, worn, small sizeCS9-05-1/4 radius ? dist.1/4 shaft minus articular end, stainedCS9-05-1/4 radius ? central 1/4 shaft, wornCS9-05-1/4 radius ? shaft frag., radial crest presentCS9-05-1/4 scapula L portion w/ glenoid fossa & acromion process, fragmented, poss.adultCS9-05-1/4 ulna R prox.1/2 shaft, no end, worn, chalky white appearanceCS9-05-1/4 vertebra A transverse process fragCS9-05-1/5 femur R prox.2/3 shaft, head & trochanters intact, poss.cutmarks or gnawing (posterior), poss.adultCS9-05-1/6 femur L complete shaft, no prox.end, neck portion & < trochanter, portion of condyles, poss.adultCS9-05-1/7 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, part of < trochanter, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/1 radius L central shaft portionCS9-06-1/2 radius L central shaft portionCS9-06-1/3 humerus R complete shaft, no ends, concretions, pronounced deltoid tuberosity, poss.adultCS9-06-1/4 humerus L nearly complete shaft, no ends, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/5 tibia L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, heavy concretions/Ca deposits proximally, stainedCS9-06-1/6 tibia L nearly complete, no ends, concretions, pronounced med.bump, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/7 tibia R nearly complete, no ends, pronounced med.bump, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/8 tibia L central midshaft, no ends, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/9 long bone ? 19+ fragsCS9-06-1/10 femur R complete shaft, no ends, neck portion, concretions, stained & polished, poss.adult maleCS9-06-1/11 femur R nearly complete shaft & neck, chalky appearance, cracked & friable, poss.subadultCS9-06-1/12 femur R prox.1/3 shaft, neck portion, no trochanters, stained, poss.adultCS9-06-1/13 femur L complete shaft, no ends, heavy concretions, broken in 1/2, stained & polished, poss.adult165
CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft, no ends, pt.of < trochanter, concretions, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/15 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, pt.of < trochanter, pronounced linea aspera, polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/16 femur R dist.1/3 shaft, no end, concretions, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/17 femur R prox.1/2 shaft, no end, pronounced linea aspera, poss.adultCS9-06-1/18 femur L complete shaft, no ends, neck ptn, stained & polished, poss.ad.male, paired w/ CS9-06-1/10CS9-06-1/19 femur L complete shaft, no ends, concretions, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-06-1/20 pelvis L portion of pubis, superior ramus, stainedCS9-07-1/1 femur L prox.2/3 shaft, no ends, portion of < trochanter, stained & polished, worn, poss.adultCS9-07-1/2 cranial ? 20+ fragsCS9-07-1/3 parietal L-R fused portion w/ visible sagittal suture, thin cranial vault, poss.older adultCS9-07-1/4 occipital central portion, nuchal crest present, both tables stained, fragmentaryCS9-07-1/5 frontal portion w/ frontal crest, thick cranial vault, stained, poss.adultCS9-07-1/6 radius ? 5 shaft frags, stained & polishedCS9-08-1/1 mandible R horizontal ramus portion w/ sockets for I2, C P3, P4, M2; M1 socket resorbedCS9-08-1/2 cranial ? fragmentCS9-08-1/4 humerus R dist.1/2 shaft, small size, stained & polished, poss.childCS9-08-1/5 frags 2 rib frags, 1 cortical fragCS9-08-1/6 tibia L dist.1/2 shaft, no end, cortex worn, poss.adultCS9-08-1/7 tibia R prox.2/3 shaft, no ends, concretions, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-08-1/8 femur R complete shaft, no ends, stained & polished, poss.adultCS9-08-1/9 femur L complete shaft, no ends, neck portion, poss.adultCS11-03-1/1 humerus ? dist.1/3 shaft, no end, small size, poss.subadultCS11-03-1/2 radius R prox.1/2 shaft w/ articular head, poss.2mm lytic lesion on superior artic.end, poss.adultCS11-03-1/4 vertebra A cervical, body & fragsCS11-03-1/5 long bone ? shaft portion, poss.radius or ulna, small size, poss.childCS11-03-1/6 rib L nearly complete, large size, poss.adultCS11-03-1/7 rib ? L shaft w/ articular ends & other fragsCS11-03-1/8 long bone ? shaft fragsCS11-03-1/9 femur R complete, no prox.end, good preservation, medial condyle worn, poss.adult maleCS11-03-1/10 humerus L complete shaft, unfused head, septal aperture, no med.epicondyle, poss.subadult166
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
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36Implements such stone tools may h
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38of the young woman involved the r
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40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
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42I) consisted of an excavation in
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44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
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46excavation uncovered evidence of
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48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
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50these remains were recovered by m
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52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
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54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
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56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
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62estimates indicate that Cueva de
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64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
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66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
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68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
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70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
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72modification was one of the more
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74result from a small sample size,
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76material examined in this study,
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78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
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80MNI considered material from 41 l
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82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
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84Three hundred and fifty meters of
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8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
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88calculated an MNI at the level of
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90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
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92the operation and the cave seem m
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94between these two types of activi
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96represent the sample with evidenc
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98The second group consists of eigh
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100One of the deeper cut marks was
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102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
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104occur throughout the bone. The f
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106The identification of human-made
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108harsh effects of the active envi
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110did not affect this particular b
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112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
- Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
- Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
- Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
- Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
- Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
- Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
- Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
- Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
- Page 141 and 142: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
- Page 143 and 144: 132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
- Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
- Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
- Page 149 and 150: CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
- Page 151 and 152: APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
- Page 153 and 154: CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
- Page 155 and 156: CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
- Page 157 and 158: CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
- Page 159 and 160: CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
- Page 161 and 162: CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
- Page 163 and 164: APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
- Page 165 and 166: CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
- Page 167 and 168: CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
- Page 169 and 170: CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
- Page 171 and 172: CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
- Page 173 and 174: CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
- Page 175: CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
- Page 179 and 180: CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
- Page 181 and 182: CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
- Page 183 and 184: CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
- Page 185 and 186: CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
- Page 187 and 188: CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
- Page 189 and 190: CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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