HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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61TABLE 3. MNI for Cueva de El Duende.Lot # Lot MNI Subop MNI Op MNI Cave MNICD1-01-1CD1-01-51 adult 1 adult 1 adult1 subadult1 adult1 adult male1 adult1 subadultCD1-04-21 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadultCD2-01-4ACD2-01-5"A"1 adult2 adults1 adult male1 adult1 subadult1 adult male1 adult1 subadultCD2-01-6B1 adultCD2-01-7B1 adultCD2-01-8B1 adult male1 subadultCD2-01-12"A"1 adultCD2-1-3CD2-1-41 adult1 subadult1 adult1 subadultCD3-1-1 1 adult 1 adult1 adultCD3-4-11 adult1 adultTotal 16 10 6 3However, estimates of three individuals (Cave MNI) and six individuals (OperationMNI) seem more plausible than an estimate of 16 individuals at the level of the lot,considering the small sample size, the type and frequency of certain skeletal elements,and the fragmentary condition of many of these bones. Estimates of the probablenumber of individuals (PNIs) are identical to the MNI estimates for this cave. These
62estimates indicate that Cueva de El Duende probably has a skeletal samplerepresentative of three to 16 individuals. Due to the small sample size, the MNIs at thelevel of the lot and suboperation may not be as accurate as the estimates at the level ofthe operation and the entire cave. If the additional skeletal material reported by Wright(unpublished notes 1994) is factored into the MNI estimates, the number of individualsincreases slightly: the operation accounts for nine individuals, and the cave representsfive individuals.Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de Río El Duende runs directly underneath the main ceremonial structureof Dos Pilas – the pyramid of El Duende. The cave is accessible through two knownentrances. The entrance on the eastern end is larger than the small entrance pit locatedon the western end. Judging by the amount of skeletal material recovered from theeastern half of the cave and the larger size of the eastern entrance, it is clear that amajority of the depositional activity occurred in this portion of the cave. Evidence ofwater activity in the cave may have also played a role in the under-representation ofskeletal material in the western half of the cave. If the water flowed in an easterlydirection, then the accumulation of skeletal material at the eastern end of the cave mayhave been a result of this fluvial activity. However, we cannot disregard the activity ofhuman and animal agents in the possible displacement of the skeletal material.The second largest deposit of skeletal remains recovered from these caves wassurface collected primarily from the eastern half of Cueva de Río El Duende. Thedeposit recovered from this cave contains 349 skeletal elements, including material left
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
Page 21 and 22: 10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
Page 23 and 24: 12activities, which included bloodl
Page 25 and 26: 14represented. A ceramic analysis r
Page 27 and 28: 16based on the identification of th
Page 29 and 30: 18when a structure is placed over o
Page 31 and 32: 20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
Page 33 and 34: 22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 75 and 76: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85 and 86: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 87 and 88: 76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
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112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
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114processed for secondary burial (
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116in mind that this and the many o
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118an adult male recovered from an
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120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
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122some doubt. These assessments ba
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124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
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126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
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128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
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130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
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132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
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134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
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APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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