CNP2-10-1/2 femur R complete shaft w/ most of the neck, no dist.end, no head & trochanters, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-10-1/3 femur L complete shaft, no ends, stained & polished (black), poss.adultCNP2-10-1/4 tibia L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-10-1 femur R shaft, surface eroded w/ poss.sclerosis in striaeCNP2-10-1 femur L shaftCNP2-10-1 frontal R post-squama w/ coronal sutureCNP2-10-1 mandible R inferior edge of bodyCNP2-10-1 radius R shaft, surface erodedCNP2-10-1 tibia R 1/2 shaft, poss.subadultCNP2-10-1 tibia L shaft frag, surface erodedCNP2-10-1 ulna R shaftCNP2-11-1 upper P3 L complete, some wear, poss.adultCNP2-11-1/1 femur R prox.2/3 shaft w/ neck portion, no end, cortex very worn, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-11-1/2 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft, no end, stained, poss.adultCNP2-11-1/3 tibia R prox.shaft frag, lateral aspectCNP2-11-1/4 humerus L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-11-1/5 ulna ? central midshaft, stained & polishedCNP2-11-1/6 femur R prox.1/2 shaft, no end, flattened anterior-posteriorly, stained & polishedCNP2-11-1 humerus L shaftCNP2-12-1/1 pelvis L acetabular portion, tuberosity epiphysis unfused, suture connecting to ilium still fusing, poss.juvenileCNP2-12-1/2 ulna L prox.1/4 shaft, cortical surface worn @ broken end, olecrenon processCNP2-12-1/3 humerus L nearly complete, no prox.end, dist.end w/ worn condyles, septal aperture(?), cortex broken offCNP2-12-1/4 mandible R mental symphysis & horizontal ramus w/ sockets for L I2 to R M2, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-12-1/5 radius ? prox.1/4 shaft, no end, including pacchionian depressions, hole worn on radial tuberosityCNP2-12-1/6 femur L prox.1/2 shaft & neck, stained & polishedCNP2-12-1/7 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, pt.of lesser trochanter, cortex worn, stained & polishedCNP2-12-1/8 femur R complete shaft, no ends, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-12-1/9 tibia L central midshaft portion, stainedCNP2-12-1/10 femur R prox.2/3 shaft, no end, worn, pronounced linea asperaCNP2-12-1/11 femur R dist.1/2 shaft, no end, anterior face very worn (gnawed?), cave concretions, heavy cortex wear, stainedCNP2-12-1/12 femur L dist.1/2 shaft, no end, linea aspera worn away, surf.flaking off, chalky white appearance, small size143
CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 shaft, no end, stainedCNP2-12-1/14 tibia R dist.1/3 shaft, no end, stained & polished, small size, poss.subadultCNP2-12-1/16 rib ? shaft frag., broken ends wornCNP2-12-1/19 long bone ? 40+ shaft fragsCNP2-12-1/22 parietal ? frag, outer table worn to expose diploeCNP2-12-1/23 occipital superior 1/2 w/ lambdoidal suture, outer table worn, inner table well preserved, poss.adultCNP2-12-1/24 parietal R posterior portion w/ sagittal & lambdoidal sutures, articulates w/ CNP2-12-1/23 & 26 occipital & L parietalCNP2-12-1/25 parietal L-R anterior frag.of sagittal suture including pacchionian depressions, sutures fused, poss.adultCNP2-12-1/26 parietal L posterior portion w/ lambdoidal suture, articulates w/ CNP2-12-1/23 occipitalCNP2-12-1/27 fibula ? midshaft frag, stained & polishedCNP2-12-1 parietal L-R lamdoid corner w/ piece of occipital, sagittal suture fused, lambdoid flatteningCNP2-12-1 parietal R posterior/inferior corner, highly mineralizedCNP2-13-1/1 femur L nearly complete shaft, no ends, stained, poss.adultCNP2-13-1/2 tibia L nearly complete shaft, no ends, stained & polished, poss.young adultCNP2-13-1/3 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, cortex worn, poss.adultCNP2-13-1/4 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-13-1/5 humerus R dist.1/3 shaft, no end, poss.adultCNP2-13-1/6 humerus L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, stained, small size, poss.young adultCNP2-13-1 frontal glabella & orbits, poss.adult maleCNP2-13-1 parietal R fragCNP2-13-1 fibula ? 4 fragsCNP2-14-1/1 tibia R complete shaft, no ends, some lateral curvature, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-14-1/2 femur L nearly complete shaft w/ neck portion, no dist.end, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-14-1/3 femur R nearly complete shaft w/ neck, crack down prox.side, may pair w/ CNP2-14-1/2 L femur, poss.adultCNP2-14-1/4 femur R complete shaft, no ends, pronounced linea aspera, stained & polished (black), poss.adultCNP2-14-1/5 temporal ? petrous portion, highly polished & stained (black)CNP2-15-1/1 cranial 1 frag, both tables stainedCNP2-15-1/2 long bone ? frag, stainedCNP2-15-1/3 humerus ? portion of shaft, stained & polishedCNP2-15-1/4 occipital nearly complete, ptn of L lambdoidal suture, both tables stained, poss.adult144
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
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36Implements such stone tools may h
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38of the young woman involved the r
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40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
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42I) consisted of an excavation in
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44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
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46excavation uncovered evidence of
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48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
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50these remains were recovered by m
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52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
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54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
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56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
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62estimates indicate that Cueva de
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64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
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66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
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68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
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70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
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72modification was one of the more
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74result from a small sample size,
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76material examined in this study,
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78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
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80MNI considered material from 41 l
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82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
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84Three hundred and fifty meters of
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8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
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88calculated an MNI at the level of
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90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
- Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
- Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
- Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
- Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
- Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
- Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
- Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
- Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
- Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
- Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
- Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
- Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
- Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
- Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
- Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
- Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
- Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
- Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
- Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
- Page 141 and 142: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
- Page 143 and 144: 132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
- Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
- Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
- Page 149 and 150: CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
- Page 151 and 152: APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
- Page 153: CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
- Page 157 and 158: CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
- Page 159 and 160: CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
- Page 161 and 162: CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
- Page 163 and 164: APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
- Page 165 and 166: CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
- Page 167 and 168: CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
- Page 169 and 170: CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
- Page 171 and 172: CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
- Page 173 and 174: CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
- Page 175 and 176: CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
- Page 177 and 178: CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
- Page 179 and 180: CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
- Page 181 and 182: CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
- Page 183 and 184: CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
- Page 185 and 186: CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
- Page 187 and 188: CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
- Page 189 and 190: CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin