HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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viiiCHAPTERPageCueva de Sangre ....................................................................................... 117Cueva de Kaxon Pec................................................................................. 119Cueva de Los Quetzales............................................................................ 120Interpretation .................................................................................................... 120VIII CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................. 124LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................. 126APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 135VITA ......................................................................................................................... 179
ixLIST <strong>OF</strong> FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of the Petexbatun region in Guatemala .................................................. 22 Map of El Duende pyramid in relation to Cueva de Río El Duende .............. 173 Caves of the Petexbatun.................................................................................. 404 Map of Cueva de El Duende........................................................................... 415 Map of Cueva de Río El Duende.................................................................... 456 Map of Cueva de Sangre................................................................................. 487 Map of Cueva de Los Quetzales..................................................................... 548 NISP by element for Cueva de El Duende ..................................................... 599 NISP by element for Cueva de Río El Duende............................................... 6410 NISP by element for Cueva de Río Murciélagos............................................ 7111 NISP by element for Cueva de Sangre ........................................................... 7512 NISP by element for Cueva de Kaxon Pec..................................................... 8313 NISP by element for Cueva de Los Quetzales................................................ 8914 Cut marks on left ischium (CD2-01-8B) from Cueva de El Duende.............. 9715 Second group of cut marks on CD2-01-8B .................................................... 9816 Cut marks on left femur (CQ1-16-8/2) from Cueva de Los Quetzales .......... 9917 Close-up of a single cut mark at 160X magnification of CQ1-16-8/2............ 10018 Cut marks on femur (CRM3-03-1/1) from Cueva de Río Murciélagos ......... 10119 Cut marks on left femur (CNP2-07-1/18) from Cueva de Río El Duende ..... 10320 Animal gnawing on femur (CRM-06-1) from Cueva de Río Murciélagos .... 104
Page 1 and 2: HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
Page 3 and 4: iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
Page 5 and 6: vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
Page 7: viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Page 11 and 12: xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
Page 13 and 14: 2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
Page 15 and 16: 4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
Page 19 and 20: 8Caves are also known to share an o
Page 21 and 22: 10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
Page 23 and 24: 12activities, which included bloodl
Page 25 and 26: 14represented. A ceramic analysis r
Page 27 and 28: 16based on the identification of th
Page 29 and 30: 18when a structure is placed over o
Page 31 and 32: 20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
Page 33 and 34: 22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60:
48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62:
50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64:
52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66:
54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68:
56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
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62estimates indicate that Cueva de
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64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78:
66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
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68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
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70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
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72modification was one of the more
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74result from a small sample size,
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76material examined in this study,
Page 89 and 90:
78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
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80MNI considered material from 41 l
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82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96:
84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98:
8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
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88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102:
90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
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92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106:
94between these two types of activi
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96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110:
98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112:
100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114:
102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116:
104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118:
106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120:
108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122:
110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124:
112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126:
114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128:
116in mind that this and the many o
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118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132:
120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
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122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136:
124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
Page 137 and 138:
126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
Page 139 and 140:
128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
Page 141 and 142:
130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
Page 143 and 144:
132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
Page 145 and 146:
134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
Page 147 and 148:
APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
Page 149 and 150:
CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
Page 151 and 152:
APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
Page 153 and 154:
CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
Page 155 and 156:
CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
Page 157 and 158:
CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
Page 159 and 160:
CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
Page 161 and 162:
CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
Page 163 and 164:
APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
Page 165 and 166:
CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
Page 167 and 168:
CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
Page 169 and 170:
CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
Page 171 and 172:
CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
Page 173 and 174:
CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
Page 175 and 176:
CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
Page 177 and 178:
CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
Page 179 and 180:
CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
Page 181 and 182:
CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
Page 183 and 184:
CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
Page 185 and 186:
CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
Page 187 and 188:
CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
Page 189 and 190:
CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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