HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT MAYA IN THE ...

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75skeletal elementhyoidmaxillazygomaticsphenoidethmoidnasalcalcaneustalusfibulasacrumsternumscapulaclaviclepatellamandibletemporalpelvismetatarsaltarsalmetacarpalulna carpalradiushumerusfrontaloccipitalparietalpedal phalangetibiateethfemurribman. phalangevertebra0 10 20 30 40 50 60quantityTotal NISP:493elementsFig. 11. NISP by element for Cueva de Sangre.as frequently as the more robust bones of the leg. Cranial material such as occipital andparietal bones occurred in higher frequencies than other cranial elements such as thefrontal, temporal, mandible, and maxilla. However, many of these cranial bones arearticulated with one another, and represent the cranium of a single individual.By the end of the third field season, artifactual and skeletal material from 11operations had been collected and preliminarily analyzed. The first four operations(CS1-CS4) were mapped and surveyed during the first field season and are documentedin a preliminary report by Brady (1990b). The other seven operations (CS5-CS11) weresubsequently mapped and surveyed in the following years. Based on the data from the
76material examined in this study, nine of these operations produced some skeletalmaterial. The sample I am analyzing from Cueva de Sangre is incomplete and does notrepresent the entire skeletal deposit collected throughout the three field seasons. Thematerial not analyzed in this study is comprised of 329 cranial and post-cranial elements,including the articulated remains of a possible adult male analyzed elsewhere by Wright(Brady et al. 1991). The preliminary MNIs calculated for this material will beconsidered with my estimates of the material I analyzed. The following descriptionsrepresent the information gleaned from the skeletal sample analyzed in this study, whichdoes not include the additional material.Operation CS1 contains over 100 lots whereby eight of these were represented inthe sample I examined. Lots CS1-77-2 and CS1-78-2 contain most of the skeletalmaterial. The other six lots from this Operation contain very little material. A nearlycomplete mandible was used to identify a possible adult male. Deciduous teeth and avertebral fragment with unfused epiphyses were evidence of a subadult. Three lotsrepresent the second operation (CS2). Lot CS2-10-1 contained skeletal elements derivedfrom at least two subadults. A large proportion of the skeletal material collected in LotCS2-11-1 consists of manual and pedal elements. Complete humerus and radius shafts,and a nearly complete patella represent some of the larger elements from this deposit.The only element recovered from Operation CS3 is the superior portion of a manubrium.The fourth operation (CS4) contains long bone material from a child. The relative sizeof the bones and the unfused epiphyses were used to determine an age of 5-10 years forthis individual (Bass 1995). Operation CS5 contains five lots that produced skeletal
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
Page 35 and 36: 24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
Page 37 and 38: 26InventoryMy analysis began with a
Page 39 and 40: 28responsible. A precise methodolog
Page 41 and 42: 30After rounding up to the highest
Page 43 and 44: 32and subadults are differentiated
Page 45 and 46: 34demonstrate the practice of inter
Page 47 and 48: 36Implements such stone tools may h
Page 49 and 50: 38of the young woman involved the r
Page 51 and 52: 40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
Page 53 and 54: 42I) consisted of an excavation in
Page 55 and 56: 44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
Page 57 and 58: 46excavation uncovered evidence of
Page 59 and 60: 48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
Page 61 and 62: 50these remains were recovered by m
Page 63 and 64: 52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
Page 65 and 66: 54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
Page 67 and 68: 56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
Page 69 and 70: 58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
Page 71 and 72: 60feet were the most common skeleta
Page 73 and 74: 62estimates indicate that Cueva de
Page 75 and 76: 64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
Page 77 and 78: 66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
Page 79 and 80: 68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
Page 81 and 82: 70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
Page 83 and 84: 72modification was one of the more
Page 85: 74result from a small sample size,
Page 89 and 90: 78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
Page 91 and 92: 80MNI considered material from 41 l
Page 93 and 94: 82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
Page 95 and 96: 84Three hundred and fifty meters of
Page 97 and 98: 8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
Page 99 and 100: 88calculated an MNI at the level of
Page 101 and 102: 90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
Page 103 and 104: 92the operation and the cave seem m
Page 105 and 106: 94between these two types of activi
Page 107 and 108: 96represent the sample with evidenc
Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
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126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
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128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
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130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
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132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
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134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
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APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
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CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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APPENDIX IIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE R
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CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
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CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
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CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
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CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth &
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APPENDIX IIIINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE
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CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
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CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
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CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
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CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
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CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
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CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
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CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
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CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
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CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
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CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
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CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
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CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
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CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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