CNP2-28-1 lower m2 L complete crown, roots broken off, no wear, poss.subadultCNP2-28-1/1 talus L complete, stained & worn, poss.adultCNP2-28-1/2 femur L complete shaft, no ends, portion of lesser trochanter, stained & polished, robust, poss.adult maleCNP2-28-1/3 femur L prox.2/3 shaft, fragmentary, possible cutmarks (prox.-posterior portion), stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/4 mandible nearly complete, RI1, RI2(unerupted), Rp3(rts), Rp4, RM1, LI1, Lp3, Lp4, LM1(socket), poss.child (6 yrs)CNP2-28-1/5 mandible R portion w/ C, P4, M1 (considerable wear), sockets for I1, I2, P3, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-28-1/6 mandible R horizontal ramus frag, molar w/ alveolus resorbing, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/7 mandible L no teeth & no resorption, sockets for P3, P4, M1 & M2, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-28-1/8 parietal R body, coronal & sagittal sutures present, some periostitis, pinhole appearance, tables stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/9 occipital portion w/ cruciform eminence, stainedCNP2-28-1/10 temporal R petrous pyramid, external auditory meatus, mastoid processCNP2-28-1/11 zygomatic R portion of zygomatic process & orbit, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/12 temporal R zygomatic proc., mandibular fossa, petrous portion, temporal suture present, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/13 rib 1st rib, complete, wornCNP2-28-1/14 scapula L greater scapular notch, portion of acromion process, no glenoid fossaCNP2-28-1/15 scapula L greater scapular notch w/ glenoid fossaCNP2-28-1/16 scapula ? glenoid fossa onlyCNP2-28-1/17 tibia L 2/3 midshaft, no ends, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/18 tibia L prox.1/2 shaft w/ gnaw marks on anterior margin, stained & polished, small size, poss.childCNP2-28-1/19 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, very wornCNP2-28-1/20 humerus R dist.1/4 shaft, no end, stained on lateral aspectCNP2-28-1/21 humerus L dist.1/4 shaft, no end, stained on anterior aspectCNP2-28-1/22 ulna R prox.1/4 shaft minus articular end, holes worn into cortical surface, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/24 mandible L partial, no teeth & no resorption, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/25 mandible L no teeth present, lost postmortem, no alveolar resorption, stained & polished, poss.childCNP2-28-1/26 temporal R petrous pyramid & external auditory meatusCNP2-28-1/28 temporal R petrous pyramid & external auditory meatus, part of zygomatic process & mandibular fossaCNP2-28-1/29 temporal R petrous portion & mastoid processCNP2-28-1/30 pelvis L complete, no blade, plus acetabulum, greater sciatic notch & auricular surface, poss.adult maleCNP2-28-1/31 pelvis L portion of acetabulum, apex of greater sciatic notch & arcuate line, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/32 pelvis L frag including arcuate line & portion of auricular surface, apex of greater sciatic notch, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/33 pelvis R lower acetabulum, small size, poss.subadultCNP2-28-1/34 femur R prox.1/4 shaft, femoral neck present, head & trochanters broken off, stained & polished149
CNP2-28-1/35 mandible L no teeth & alveoli, worn, sockets for M1, P4, P3CNP2-28-1/36 pelvis R ischial tuberosity w/ ischial spine & lesser sciatic notch, worn, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/39 femur L prox.1/2 shaft, no end, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/42 humerus R dist.1/3 shaft, no end, broken ends are worn, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/48 zygomatic ? portion, stainedCNP2-28-1/49 parietal ? frag stained on both tablesCNP2-28-1/50 parietal ? 2 pieces, both tables stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/51 femur ? 19+ cortical frags, highly friable & stainedCNP2-28-1/52 long bone 100+ shaft fragsCNP2-28-1/53 pelvis ? 5+ frags, poss.os coxa, stained & wornCNP2-28-1/54 mandible R gonial angle & crypt for most posterior molar, unerupted probably M1, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/55 mandible lingual portion of mental symphysis, stained & polishedCNP2-28-1/56 mandible R edentulous, M1 & M2 still resorbing, also C1 & I2, very wornCNP2-28-1/57 mandible 3 frags, stainedCNP2-28-1/59 upper M R unerupted, complete crown, no roots, poss.subadultCNP2-28-1/60 long bone ? 100+ frags of cortical boneCNP2-28-1/61 fragments ? miscellaneous fragsCNP2-28-1/63 cranial ? 20+ frags, stained & polished, wornCNP2-28-1/65 pelvis R ischial portion of acetabulum & superior portion of ischial tuberosity, stainedCNP2-29-1 long bone ? shaft portion, deformedCNP2-29-1 humerus ? 2 fragsCNP2-29-1 I1 R complete, shoveled, little wear, no mutilation, large sizeCNP2-29-1 mandible L body frag, alveolar 1/2 w/ no teethCNP2-29-1 occipital squamous fragCNP2-29-1 parietal ? 1 fragCNP2-29-1 rib midshaft fragCNP2-29-1 tibia R shaft, erodedCNP2-30-1/1 pelvis L iliac portion w/out blade, portions of auricular surface, acetabulum & greater sciatic notch, poss.adultCNP2-30-1/2 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft, no end, worn, stained & polished, poss.adultCNP2-30-1/3 tibia R prox.1/3 shaft, no end, stained & polished, poss.young adultCNP2-30-1/4 mandible alveolar portion, poss.faunal remains150
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HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE ANCIE
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iiiABSTRACTHuman Skeletal Remains o
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vACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis research was
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viiCHAPTERPageIV SITE DESCRIPTIONS
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ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Map of
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xiLIST OF TABLESTABLEPage1 Caves of
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2Fig. 1. Map of the Petexbatun regi
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4prove or disprove my hypothesis. T
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8Caves are also known to share an o
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10Artifactual materialThe artifacts
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12activities, which included bloodl
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14represented. A ceramic analysis r
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16based on the identification of th
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18when a structure is placed over o
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20The Copan Ritual Caves Project la
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22sacrificial victims. The identifi
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24CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSS
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26InventoryMy analysis began with a
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28responsible. A precise methodolog
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30After rounding up to the highest
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32and subadults are differentiated
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34demonstrate the practice of inter
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36Implements such stone tools may h
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38of the young woman involved the r
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40Fig. 3. Caves of the Petexbatun.
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42I) consisted of an excavation in
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44Cueva de Río El DuendeCueva de R
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46excavation uncovered evidence of
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48Fig. 6. Complete map of Cueva de
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50these remains were recovered by m
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52Dos Pilas as a dominant polity in
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54Fig. 7. Map of Cueva de Los Quetz
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56CHAPTER VNISP AND MNI - AN ANALYS
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58Cueva de El DuendeOne hundred for
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60feet were the most common skeleta
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62estimates indicate that Cueva de
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64skeletal elementpedal phalangemet
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66TABLE 4. MNI for Cueva de Río El
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68five rooms in Operation CNP2. Roo
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70CNP2-24-1CNP2-26-1CNP2-27-1CNP2-2
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72modification was one of the more
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74result from a small sample size,
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76material examined in this study,
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78TABLE 7. MNI for Cueva de Sangre.
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80MNI considered material from 41 l
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82CS9-06-1CS11-03-2CS11-03-3CS11-03
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84Three hundred and fifty meters of
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8626 individuals (Table 9). I ident
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88calculated an MNI at the level of
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90TABLE 11. MNI for Cueva de Los Qu
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92the operation and the cave seem m
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94between these two types of activi
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96represent the sample with evidenc
- Page 109 and 110: 98The second group consists of eigh
- Page 111 and 112: 100One of the deeper cut marks was
- Page 113 and 114: 102CNP2-07-1/18A complete left femo
- Page 115 and 116: 104occur throughout the bone. The f
- Page 117 and 118: 106The identification of human-made
- Page 119 and 120: 108harsh effects of the active envi
- Page 121 and 122: 110did not affect this particular b
- Page 123 and 124: 112TABLE 12. NISPs, MNIs, and PNIs
- Page 125 and 126: 114processed for secondary burial (
- Page 127 and 128: 116in mind that this and the many o
- Page 129 and 130: 118an adult male recovered from an
- Page 131 and 132: 120Cueva de Los QuetzalesThe skelet
- Page 133 and 134: 122some doubt. These assessments ba
- Page 135 and 136: 124CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSIONSThe infor
- Page 137 and 138: 126LITERATURE CITEDAnderson AH. 196
- Page 139 and 140: 128Brady JE, Rodas I. 1995. Maya Ri
- Page 141 and 142: 130Johnston FE. 1962. Growth of the
- Page 143 and 144: 132Pohl M, Pohl J. 1983. Ancient Ma
- Page 145 and 146: 134Pre-Columbian Archaeology. Oxfor
- Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX IINVENTORY FOR CUEVA DE EL
- Page 149 and 150: CD2-01-8B pelvis R complete ischium
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- Page 153 and 154: CNP2-07-1/10 femur L prox.1/2 shaft
- Page 155 and 156: CNP2-12-1/13 humerus R dist.1/2 sha
- Page 157 and 158: CNP2-20-1/11 femur L nearly complet
- Page 159: CNP2-26-1/1 long bone ? 4+ fragsCNP
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- Page 165 and 166: CRM4-03-1/1 tibia R shaft frag, cor
- Page 167 and 168: CS1-77-2/3 sacrum A anterior aspect
- Page 169 and 170: CS2-11-1/2 radius R complete shaft,
- Page 171 and 172: CS5-07-1/11 frags ? 7 fragsCS5-07-1
- Page 173 and 174: CS9-02-1 B7 tibia L prox.2/3 shaft,
- Page 175 and 176: CS9-04-1/3 tibia R prox.1/2 shaft,
- Page 177 and 178: CS9-06-1/14 femur L complete shaft,
- Page 179 and 180: CS11-05-1/3 long bone ? 15 fragsCS1
- Page 181 and 182: CS11-05-1 grp.B/1 vertebra A centru
- Page 183 and 184: CKP2-03-1/10 femur L complete shaft
- Page 185 and 186: CKP2-04-1/3 femur L dist.1/2 shaft,
- Page 187 and 188: CKP9-06-1 tibia R CKP 62-63; prox.1
- Page 189 and 190: CQ1-10-11 upper I2 R root is formin
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