SOIL Report 2008 - ACCESS Development Services

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Chapter V1. Overall SL approaches are most useful as an analytical or heuristic tool. They provide a way to orderinformation and understand not only the nature of poverty but also the links between different aspectsof people’s livelihoods. In this way they help users to understand complex and changing situations. Theybroaden the policy dialogue and assist in identifying the relevance of programmes as well as where keyconstraints and opportunities lie.Particular areas where SL has been valuable include:- Understanding the dynamics of the trajectory out of `social protection’ to the production and promotionof more viable livelihoods, even for those with very few assets. This has been important as DFIDhas placed a stronger emphasis on working with the poorest within communities (as opposed to engagingcommunity-wide). SL can help identify the key differences between the poorest and other groups as wellas being used to track changes over time.- Analysing complex trends such as climate change and conflict situations and linking these to practicalaction. In climate change adaptation work (as well as disaster risk reduction), a key objective is tostrengthen people’s overall resilience as the future becomes more uncertain. It is also important to workon using natural resources more effectively and diversifying economic activity, both areas that have beenat the heart of SL thinking.- Providing a framework for understanding the current food crisis and how and why it affects differentgroups in different ways (see next section).- Underpinning the development of support programmes in former Soviet-bloc countries (DFID hasactually withdrawn from many of these at this point) where people faced profound structural changeand were forced to undertake a thorough review of their assets in order to `start again’.2. SL has also been very influential beyond DFID and has helped build cross-sectoral and cross-institutionaldialogue as well as drawing in multiple stakeholders and heading off conflict. The livelihoods vocabularyand key livelihoods concepts (such as the focus on different types of assets) are still common in thework of core DFID partners. [1]Perhaps the `easiest’ partner for those working in an SL mode has been local government, as local governmentsdo tend to provide a range of services and be less sectoral than their national counterparts.For example the Chars Livelihoods Programme has developed a very successful working relationshipwith local government and district-level providers of services (e.g. livestock officers) without having anyrelationship with the line ministries to which these providers are attached (e.g. agriculture).3. A less developed side of SL, but one which was highlighted by a number of contributors, is its emerginguse and potential for grounding DFID’s higher-level budgetary and public expenditure managementdiscussions in human reality. There are links here with the DFID-supported Poverty and Social ImpactAssessment methodology[3], which has already drawn in SL thinking to bring together economic, socialand political analysis.128
Public Systems: Major central government anddonor-supported programmes for Livelihood PromotionReferences:1. Banker’s Institute of Rural Development (BIRD), (2007): Study on coverage of SCs and STs underSGSY, 2007, BIRD, Lucknow.2. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) (2008): National Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA):Opportunities and Challenges, Natural Resource Management and Livelihood Unit, New Delhi.(http://www.cseindia.org/programme/nrml/pdf/NREGA_Policy_Paper_2008.pdf)3. Chakraborty, Pinaki (2007): “Implementation of Employment Guarantee: A Preliminary Appraisal,Economic and Political Weekly, Mumbai, February 17.4. Gaiha, Raghav (2008): “Poverty of Statistics”, Outlook Magazine, September 15.5. Krantz L. (2001): The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction: An Introduction,Swedish International Cooperation Agency, February.6. Comptroller and Auditor General (2007): ‘Draft Performance Audit of Implementation of NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act’, Office of the Principal Director of Audit, Economic and ServiceMinistries, New Delhi.7. DFID, Transforming Rural Livelihoods in India8. Dreze, J. (2007): Employment Guarantee: Beyond Propaganda, The Hindu, December 11.9. Drèze, J., and C. Oldiges (2007): How is NREGA doing? (http://www.righttofoodindia.org/data/dreze-oldiges07how-is-nrega-doing.ppt)10. Ghosh, Imon (2000): Enhancing the Development Impact of SGSY, CARE-India, New Delhi.11. Ghosh, Jayati (2008): Two years of NREGA – Far from Failure, Transparency Review, Journal ofTransparency Studies, New Delhi, Vol. I, No. 4, April.12. Himanshu (2008): NREGA: Rural India sees a Silent Revolution, www.livemint.com, 26 August.13. Mathur, Lalit (2007): “Employment Guarantee: Progress So Far”, Economic and Political Weekly,Mumbai, 20 December.14. Mehrotra Santosh (2008): NREG Two Years On: Where do we go from here? Economic and PoliticalWeekly, Mumbai, 2 August.15. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India (2008a): Annual Report, 2007-08,New Delhi.16. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India (2008b): National EmploymentGuarantee Act NREGA: Two Years 2006-08, New Delhi.17. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), GoI (n.d): Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana Guidelines.18. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), GoI (2007): “Social Protection for a Changing India:Selected Findings and Recommendations, Briefing for MoRD”, August.19. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), GoI (2008a):Annual Report 2007-2008.129
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State of India’s Livelihoods :The
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ChapterPage NoForeword 6Preface 8Ab
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ForewordAs a part of its microfinan
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employment growth, these sectors we
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RIAARMKRRBRSVYSCSC/STsSCPSCSPSERPSE
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Chapter Iresponse, risks and shocks
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OverviewTable 1.2 Employment and Un
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OverviewA recent paper by Arjun Sen
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Overview4. How is the livelihood st
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Overview5.2 Manmade constraints - i
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Overviewthe late 1980s, these two m
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OverviewIn the 1970s, the Chipko mo
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Overviewsocial responsibility (CSR)
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OverviewBox 1.3 Bihar - Underdevelo
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4040
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Chapter IIAn enumeration of the dep
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Chapter IIBox 2.1 Macro Level Livel
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Chapter IIIn addition to the above,
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Chapter IIFig 2.1: Poverty Ratio am
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Chapter IIPoormigrantlabouroften su
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Chapter IIInterestingly, the Govern
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Chapter IIThe effective cost of nat
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Chapter IIsector and thereby casual
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Chapter IIReferences1. Aiyar , Swam
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Chapter IIIto, the vulnerability co
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Chapter IIIIt would be useful here
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Chapter IIIof new employment opport
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Chapter IIIinterest subvention - wo
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Chapter III6. The 11th Plan propose
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Chapter IIIBox 3.5: Rural Business
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Chapter III9. The achievement of ge
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Chapter IIIaid. The Plan also seeks
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Chapter IIIand health. They point o
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Chapter VIIIunit of risk settlement
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Chapter VIIIPublic capitalformation
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Chapter VIII8. Integrated Rural Dev
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Chapter VIIIAn expertpanel ‘sreco
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Chapter VIIIHowever as final wage s
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appENDIX TableTable A.1.3: Distribu
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appENDIX TableEmploymentEmploymentG
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appENDIX TableTable 2: Employment S
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appENDIX TableTable 4: State Wise G
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appENDIX TableTable-7: Distribution
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appENDIX TableDams and Displacement
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appENDIX TableFig. A.3.2: High Pote
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appENDIX TableTable A.3.2Table 2: S
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appENDIX TableChapter IV - ANNEX TA
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appENDIX TableAnnex A.5.1Backward R
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appENDIX TableAnnex A.5.3Some UNDP
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appENDIX TableGross Value of Output
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Mona DikshitMona Dikshit has been a
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SOIL Report 2008 - ACCESS Development Services

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