SOIL Report 2008 - ACCESS Development Services

Index1 What is ‘livelihood’ and ‘livelihood promotion’? 151.1 Livelihoods – static vs dynamic view 161.2 The Coolies’ Framework 162 Why the need to act on the livelihoods issue? 182.1 Efficiency – the cause of growth, the result of widespread livelihoods 182.2 Equity – do we still need an answer to that question? 182.3 Environment – from localised degradation to pervasive climate change 193 Livelihood aggregates – employment, incomes and poverty 193.1 Employment – labour shortages co-exist with massive unemployment 203.2 Incomes – The poor work all the time, but don’t earn enough to make a living 213.3 Segments whose livelihoods are vulnerable– who are they? 233.4 Sectoral overview – what do people do for a living? 243.5 Spatial overview – where is work to be had, and where do people sit idle? 244 How is the livelihood status changing? 254.1 Segmental kho-kho – the unskilled lose, the skilled thrive 254.2 Sectoral bust and boom - from farms to firms 264.3 Spatial chequerboard – Punjab prospers while Bihar remains at the bottom 275 What are the main constraints on livelihoods? 285.1 Environment constraints – crowds, cattle and carrying capacity 285.2 Manmade constraints – inequitable access to five types of capital 295.3 Path dependency – inability to break away from the fate line 296 Livelihood promotion – What has been tried? What more can be done? 306.1 Livelihood programmes of the Governments 306.2 Livelihood Initiatives by the People 326.3 Cooperatives 336.4 Livelihood Efforts by NGOs 346.5 Corporate efforts for livelihood promotion 347 The way forward 361414