Preamble Narratives and Social Memory - Universidade do Minho

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The Works of Sísifo: Memories and Identities of the Portuguese in Africa according to Fiction Films of the Twentieth CenturyMaria Manuel BaptistaThus, they are both outside and before History, as an immensely spineless, pithless and spiritlessmass, disguised in the landscape, waiting to be seen by the eyes of those (the whites)who have the right and the legitimacy of producing the political, economical and culturaldiscourse of identity.Only under the condition of being seen by the whites, may the colonised blacks acquirean ‘human nature’, but only if they accept the coloniser’s rules and laws that will disciplinetheir bodies and their minds, in a process of appropriation of their time, their space, theirwishes, their memories and their identities, in accordance with the mechanisms, whichconstitute the exercise of power, as explained by Foucault (Foucault, 1975, Martins, 2002).However, even this process of legitimization of identities (of the black, but also itswhite counterpart) has a history. In the films we analyzed we found that different historicalcontexts produced different dynamics and stabilized contents of memory: one can verify,for example, that at the beginnings of the Portuguese colonisation of Africa the identityof the blacks, is, in the best case scenario, an object of curiosity, which is transformed intoexoticism by the whites (Sanches & Serrão, 2002). On the contrary, in the final decades ofcolonisation, as we could see in our second film, the European whites start to have theconsciousness of their own exoticism in Africa, a mirror effect, when they stopped lookingjust at themselves as the source of all human kind.This phenomenon, which the cinema itself reveals in a very indirect mode, correspondsequally to the journey through the relational model of aggressive-paternalism andthe other model, which we term co-operative paternalism (also because of the Colonial Warand the international pressure to decolonise and the theses of luso-tropicalism).Nevertheless, it is important to stress the ways in which this white exoticism symbolisethe creation of a split identity, and at the same time a kind of doubt which started to beinstalled in the heart of the colonial system, whom for decades, and practically until the end,made all efforts to survive without the shadow of a blemish or ill-conscience (Martins, 1990).Finally, our study reveals the possibility of representing the reality of colonialism andpost-colonialism in terms of a great diversity of relations between one side and the other.This is demonstrated in the last film which constantly analyses the possibility of sustainingand maintaining a discussion of multiplicity and equality, based on the relations whichare constructed from the lives and daily lives of concrete people who participated directlyor indirectly in the European colonial experience (Sherzer, 1996), and which in part, alsocontributed to the implosion with the immediate and socially common subjects’ identificationwith the stereotypical black and white categories.A Tempestade da Terra inevitably directs us towards the idea that, even within a systemwhich rigorously codifies identities and infinitely manipulates the memories (as was thecase of the Portuguese Estado Novo colonial regime) it is always possible to constructother views (tense and contradictory, also accepting moving identities) which subvert thehegemony of the view of the colonist. As we may see throughout our last movie this ispossible if we articulate categories such as age, generation, gender, education, the time inhistory, the history of each life and political stance, amongst other dimensions comprisingthe concrete life of the individuals.Narratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches156
The Works of Sísifo: Memories and Identities of the Portuguese in Africa according to Fiction Films of the Twentieth CenturyMaria Manuel BaptistaIn conclusion, a brief and purposive overview of the Portuguese cinema of the twentiethcentury, directed us from the monotheism of identity and the official memory to thehard and unstable pluralistic dynamics, which some individuals, groups and societies tryto maintain nowadays, in order to sustain the possibility of keeping a degree of openness,flexibility, multiplicity and pluralism which has to be in the heart of the process of buildingmemories and identities (Martins, 1996).Endless by nature, these works of Sísifo stand at the heart of the process of humankind self-construction, and still constitutes the essence of millions of concrete human dailystruggles for individual and collective liberty.Acknowledgments:Paper translated by Aoife Hiney.BibliographyBaptista, M. M. (2007). Identidade e Cultura - a Questão do Discurso sobre o Outro. In H. Roque-Faria &M. Dias (Eds.), Cultura e Identidade - Discursos (pp. 276-293). Cárceres - Mato Grosso: EditoraUnemat.Barker, C. (2008). Etnicity, Race and Nation Cultural Studies - Theory and Practice (3rd ed., pp. 246-279).London: SAGE.Cabecinhas, R. (2007). Preto e Branco. A Naturalização da discriminação racial. Porto: Campo das Letras.Candau, J. (1998). Mémoire et identité. Paris: PUF.Costa, J. B. (1991). Stories of the Cinema (J. M. Serôdio, Trans.). Lisboa: Comissariado para a Europália91 - Portugal e Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda.Cunha, L. (1994). A imagem do Negro na banda desenhada do Estado Novo (Relatório de aula teóricoprática).Braga: Universidade do Minho.Cunha, L. (1995). A Imagem do Negro na B.D. do Estado Novo: Algumas Propostas Exploratórias.Cadernos do Noroeste, 8(1), 89-112.Deleuze, G. (2004). Cinema I - a Imagem-Movimento (R. Godinho, Trans. 2ª ed.). Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim.Foucault, M. (1975). Surveiller et Punir. Naissance de la Prision. Paris: Gallimard.Freyre, G. (2010 [1940]). O Mundo que o Português Criou: Aspectos das Relações Sociais e de Culturado Brasil com Portugal e as Colônias Portuguesas. Rio de Janeiro: É Realizações.Gama, M. (1961). Ausência Ultramarina. Portugal, Filme nº 29, Agosto 1961.Lourenço, E. (1978). Psicanálise Mítica do Destino Português O Labirinto da Saudade - PsicanáliseMítica do Destino Português (pp. 19-68). Lisboa: D. Quixote.Lourenço, E. (1983). Crise de Identidade ou Ressaca ‘Imperial’? Revista da Imprensa Nacional-Casa daMoeda, 1(out./dez.), 15-22.Narratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches157
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Cinematic Landscape and Social Memo
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comprises both remembering and forg
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include important questions related
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Part ICognitive and Emotional Proce
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Narratives and Social Memory from t
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The Lay Historian: How Ordinary Peo
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Cabecinhas, R. & Abadia, L. (eds.)
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Emotional Processes in Elaborating
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Transitional Justice Processes, Sha
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The Past and the Present (re)Visite
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Part IIMedia(ted) Narrativesand Pub
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Hard News Cognitive Shift: from Fac
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Criminal violence in Brazilian movi
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Part IVEthnic, National and Suprana
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Narratives of Redemption: Memory an
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Memory and the Flows of Identity in
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‘Diaspora Space’ as Heard and O
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Colonial Missions in the North Amer
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Part VSocietal Issues, Collective A
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Narratives as Prison ‘Escapes’:
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Drawings and Narrative: the Inmates
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