<strong>Narratives</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Memory</strong> from the Perspective of <strong>Social</strong> Representations of HistoryJames H. LiuConclusionsSRH have been a vibrant area of research in recent years, but their study has beenrestricted mainly to the metho<strong>do</strong>logy <strong>and</strong> epistemology of cross-cultural <strong>and</strong> socialpsychology. With the growing interest in narrative inquiry <strong>and</strong> social memory across thesocial sciences <strong>and</strong> humanities, there is no reason why more qualitative methods groundedin more social constructionist epistemologies could not make important <strong>and</strong> fresh newcontributions to the area. SRs are squarely situated between the individual, their groups,<strong>and</strong> society, <strong>and</strong> thus epistemologically <strong>and</strong> theoretically have much in common with whatis valued in narrative inquiry. The empirical building blocks assembled by SRT are just that,building blocks rather than finished, discrete products, <strong>and</strong> I for one would welcome qualitativeresearchers making use of them as tools for refining their narrative inquiries. It is myhope that this chapter goes some ways towards stimulating interdisciplinary <strong>and</strong> transdisciplinaryconversations <strong>and</strong> collaborations in the future.ReferencesBamberg, M. (2007) Introductory remarks. In M.Bamberg (Ed.) <strong>Narratives</strong>- State of the Art, pp 1-5.Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.Cabecinhas, R., Liu, J.H., Licata, L., Klein, O., Mendes, J., Feijó, J. & Niyubahwe, A. (2011) Hope in Africa?<strong>Social</strong> representations of world history <strong>and</strong> the future in six African countries. InternationalJournal of Psychology, 46 (5), 354-367. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2011.560268Coase, R., & Wang, N. (2012) How China Became Capitalist. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Doise, W., Clémence, A., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993) The Quantitative Analysis of <strong>Social</strong> Representations.Hertfordshire, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Doise, W., Spini, D., & Clémence, A. (1999) Human rights studied as social representations in a crossnationalcontext. European Journal of <strong>Social</strong> Psychology, 29, 1-29.Hagenaars, J. A., & McCutcheon, A. L. (2002) Applied Latent Class Analysis. Cambridge University Press.Halbwachs, M. (1950/1980) The collective memory. New York: Harper & Row.Hanke, K., Liu, J,H., Sibley, C., Paez, D., Gaines, S.P., Jr, Moloney, G., et al. (under review) Dreaming of ourGlobal Humanity with Barbarians at the Gates: New methods for examining heroes <strong>and</strong>villains of world history across cultures.Hermans, H., & Dimaggio, G. (2007) Self, Identity, <strong>and</strong> Globalization in Times of Uncertainty: ADialogical Analysis. Review of General Psychology, 31–61.Hilton, D.J., & Liu, J.H. (2008) Culture <strong>and</strong> inter-group relations. The role of social representations ofhistory. In R. Sorrentino & S. Yamaguchi (eds.) The H<strong>and</strong>book of Motivation <strong>and</strong> Cognition:The Cultural Context, pp. 343-368. New York: Guilford.Ho, D.Y.F., Peng, S.Q., Lai, A.C., Chan, S.F.F. (2001) Indigenization <strong>and</strong> beyond: Metho<strong>do</strong>logical relationalismin the study of personality across cultural traditions. Journal of Personality, 69(6),925-953.Huang, L.L., Liu, J.H., & Chang, M. (2004) The “Double Identity” of Taiwanese Chinese: A dilemma ofpolitics <strong>and</strong> culture rooted in history. Asian Journal of <strong>Social</strong> Psychology, 7(2), 149-189.<strong>Narratives</strong> <strong>and</strong> social memory: theoretical <strong>and</strong> metho<strong>do</strong>logical approaches22
<strong>Narratives</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Memory</strong> from the Perspective of <strong>Social</strong> Representations of HistoryJames H. LiuInglehart, R. & Baker, W.E. (2000) Modernization, culture change, <strong>and</strong> the persistence of traditionalvalues. American Sociological Review, 65, 19-51.Josselson, R. (2007) Narrative research <strong>and</strong> the challenge of accumulating knowledge. In M.Bamberg(Ed.) <strong>Narratives</strong>- State of the Art, pp 7-15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.László, J. (2008) The Science of Stories: An Introduction to Narrative Psychology. Lon<strong>do</strong>n: Routledge.Liu, J.H. (1999) <strong>Social</strong> representations of history: Preliminary notes on content <strong>and</strong> consequencesaround the Pacific Rim. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 215-236.Liu, J.H., & Gastar<strong>do</strong>-Conaco, C. (2011) Theory <strong>and</strong> methods of a representational approach to underst<strong>and</strong>ingsocial movements: The role of the EDSA revolution in a national psychology of thePhilippines. <strong>Social</strong> Justice Research, 24, 168-190.Liu, J.H., Goldstein-Hawes, R., Hilton, D.J., Huang, L.L., Gastar<strong>do</strong>-Conaco, C., Dresler-Hawke, E., Pittolo,F., Hong, Y.Y., Ward, C., Abraham, S., Kashima, Y., Kashima, E., Ohashi, M., Yuki, M., & Hidaka, Y.(2005) <strong>Social</strong> representations of events <strong>and</strong> people in world history across twelve cultures.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(2), 171-191.Liu, J.H., & Hilton, D. (2005) How the past weighs on the present: <strong>Social</strong> representations of history<strong>and</strong> their role in identity politics. British Journal of <strong>Social</strong> Psychology, 44, 537-556.Liu, J.H., Lawrence, B., Ward, C., & Abraham, S. (2002) <strong>Social</strong> representations of history in Malaysia <strong>and</strong>Singapore: On the relationship between national <strong>and</strong> ethnic identity. Asian Journal of <strong>Social</strong>Psychology, 5(1), 3-20.Liu, J.H. & László, J. (2007) A narrative theory of history <strong>and</strong> identity: <strong>Social</strong> identity, social representations,society <strong>and</strong> the individual. In G. Moloney & I. Walker (eds.) <strong>Social</strong> representations <strong>and</strong>identity: Content, process <strong>and</strong> power, p 85-107. Lon<strong>do</strong>n: Palgrave Macmillan.Liu, J.H., Li, M.C., & Yue, X.D. (2010) Chinese social identity <strong>and</strong> intergroup relations: The influence ofbenevolent authority. In M.H. Bond (ed.) Oxford H<strong>and</strong>book of Chinese Psychology (2 nd ed), pp579-597. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Liu, J.H., Paez, D., Hanke, K., Rosa, A., Hilton, D.J., Sibley, C. et al. (2012) Cross cultural dimensions ofmeaning in the evaluation of events in world history? Perceptions of historical calamities<strong>and</strong> progress in cross-cultural data from 30 societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(2), 251-272.Liu, J.H., Paez, D., Slawuta, P., Cabecinhas, R., Techio, E., Kokdemir, D., Sen, R., Vincze, O., Muluk, H., Wang,F.X., & Zlobina, A. (2009) Representing world history in the 21 st century: The impact of 9-11,the Iraq War, <strong>and</strong> the nation-state on the dynamics of collective remembering. Journal ofCross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 667-692.Liu, J.H., & Sibley, C.G. (2012a) From Ordinal Representations to Representational Profiles: Four Modesof Representing the Most Important Figures in World History. Invited paper for Papers on<strong>Social</strong> Representations.Liu, J.H., & Sibley, C.G. (2012b) <strong>Social</strong> representations of history: Theory <strong>and</strong> applications, methods, measurement<strong>and</strong> results. Invited chapter for Resistance, Stability, <strong>and</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Change: A H<strong>and</strong>book of<strong>Social</strong> Representations.Liu, J.H., Wilson, M.W., McClure, J., Higgins, T.R. (1999) <strong>Social</strong> identity <strong>and</strong> the perception of history:Cultural representations of Aotearoa/New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. European Journal of <strong>Social</strong> Psychology, 29,1021-1047.<strong>Narratives</strong> <strong>and</strong> social memory: theoretical <strong>and</strong> metho<strong>do</strong>logical approaches23
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