Preamble Narratives and Social Memory - Universidade do Minho

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Criminal violence in Brazilian moving images in 2010Juliana Cunha Costasuspects in many slums in Brazil. Barak (2007) stresses that the three spheres of criminalviolence are superimposing; since the institutional sphere can also be structural and affectingthe whole society that could also influence the interpersonal contexts.Much of the corporate violence that occurs in the world today is also structuralin that the victims of the violence are most likely the poorest population, andtherefore the violence serves to maintain their structural position. They are alsooverlapping between interpersonal and structural violence as in the case of theviolence of what referred to as hate crimes (Barak, 2007, p. 186).The typology of violence as illustrated in Figure 3 was developed by the World HealthAssembly in 1996, which “[…] characterized the different types of violence and the linksbetween them” (WHO, 2002, p.5). The typology is divided into three categories: self-directed,interpersonal and collective violence. The last one is committed by larger groups of peopleor States and it is subdivided in three sub-categories: social, political and economic violence:the first encompasses “[…] crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts andmob violence” (WHO, 2002, p.5), the second “[…] includes war and related violent conflicts,state violence” (WHO, 2002, p.5), and the third “[…] includes attacks by larger groups motivatedby economic gain” (WHO, 2002, p.5). Various forms of collective violence can be recognized,but in this work it takes shape on the “Organized violent crime such as banditry andgang warfare” (WHO, 2002, p.5).Figure 3: Typology of ViolenceSource: (WHO, 2002, p.7)The same report settles: “[…] violence is among the leading causes of death worldwidefor people aged 15–44 years” (WHO, 2002, p.3). Additional studies on Violence andEconomic Development in Brazil conducted by the World Bank in 2006 strengthen thisand demonstrate that in this country, violence involving youth has risen since 1980. A newinvestigation conducted by Waiselfisz (2011) entitled “New Patterns of Homicidal Violencein Brazil” demonstrated that the total number of homicides registered by the MortalityInformation System in a period of 30 years grew from 13.910 in 1980 to 49.932 in 2010.The statistics display an increase of 259% which is equivalent to 4,4% each year. It is farabove the population growth, which was 60,3% for the same period.Narratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches210
Criminal violence in Brazilian moving images in 2010Juliana Cunha CostaDespite the limitation presented in the usage of homicide rate as the main method toanalyze crime and violence, many researchers in Brazil also contemplate its benefits, since“[…] homicide is generally considered the most serious crime and is less susceptible to measurementerrors and underreporting than other crimes” (World Bank, 2006, p. 11). As in the lastthree decades the concentration of homicides was higher among young Afro-Brazilian malepopulation, “[…] in 2002, 91 % of homicide victims were men” (World Bank, 2006, p. 2).The commerce of illegal drugs could be a driver of violence, since it is one amongnumerous aspects that have inclined Brazil to high levels of current violence. Figure 4displays the homicide rates that grew up until 2003; this trend reverted significantly witha slight decline in the next years. Nevertheless, in 2010, the total number of homicide ratesper 100 thousand registered was 26,2 “[…] even considering the impact of the disarmamentpolicies introduced in 2004, the rates of violent death remained extremely high” (Waiselfisz,2007). The same author indicated that the homicidal violence is a leading cause of deathamong young people between 15 and 24 in large urban areas in Brazil - especially becausethe Brazilian population is actually concentrated in megacities. Definitely, the issue of criminalviolence in Brazil is a hot topic, largely disseminated by television channels; especiallyas the key event broadcasted in the TV annual review through their melodramatic narratives.Figure 4: Evolution of homicide rates. Brazil. 1980/2010*Source: http://www.sangari.com/mapadaviolencia/pdf2012/mapa2012_web.pdf (p.19)5. Visual Narratives of Criminal Violence in TV Annual ReviewsAccording to Barthes (1966, 1996) narrative can be articulated in a variety of genresand media. It can be presented verbally or non-verbally, static or moving images, or eventhe combination of them. The author continues to pronounce that the narratives exist in anykind of human productions, artistic or related to the everyday life as in films, news, stories,histories, paintings, photographs, and so on. In conformity with Newcomb (2004, p.416) “afundamental characteristic of narrative […] is the arrangement of events in time”.As stated by Schirato & Webb (2004) the visual narrative transports the notion ofreading a visual text, in this case, a picture, a moving image or any visual object; whichNarratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches211
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© CECS 2013 All rights reservedThi
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Cinematic Landscape and Social Memo
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comprises both remembering and forg
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include important questions related
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Part ICognitive and Emotional Proce
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Narratives and Social Memory from t
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The Lay Historian: How Ordinary Peo
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Cabecinhas, R. & Abadia, L. (eds.)
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Emotional Processes in Elaborating
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Transitional Justice Processes, Sha
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The Past and the Present (re)Visite
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Part IIMedia(ted) Narrativesand Pub
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Hard News Cognitive Shift: from Fac
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Narratives of Death: Journalism and
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Researching Identity Narratives in
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Journalistic Narrative: a Story of
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The Works of Sísifo: Memories and
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Page 160 and 161: Audiovisual Post-colonial Narrative
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Colonial Missions in the North Amer
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Part VSocietal Issues, Collective A
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Collective Mobilization and the Soc
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Narratives as Prison ‘Escapes’:
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Drawings and Narrative: the Inmates
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Comissões Unitárias de Mulheres d
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Adozinda Goes to the Feminine Readi
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Preamble Narratives and Social Memory - Universidade do Minho

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