Preamble Narratives and Social Memory - Universidade do Minho

Memory and the Flows of Identity in Hatoum’s AmazonMichele Nascimento-Kettnerthe “Margins of History”, in order to assimilate other cultures, without losing thecompass that points to his own North […] It is less a geography than a place whatI look for. A place that doesn’t exist anymore, a utopic place that only exists inmemory. (“Escrever à Margem da História”, n.d., para. 8. own translation)In search of his desire, Kurokawa dies to find himself in confluence with the utopicplace that unites his Japanese and Amazonian Selves. Kurokawa and Lavedan were foreigners,in Kristeva’s terms: “torn between here and elsewhere, now and before” (1991, p. 10). Thedesire and the connection of these characters to their different Selves occurred through theambiguity of their own transient identities.From these two stories some conclusions can be made: As the relationship betweenmemory, history and imagination becomes inseparable, the borders of the Amazon touch farregions through a process of cultural plurality symbolized by the cultures and languagesbrought by the migrants and travelers of the stories. Therefore the idea of homogenous nationshas been dissolved (Anderson, 1991) by the premise that there is no homogenous region.It is important to perceive that the ‘region’ in Brazil has strongly sustained the idea ofthe national homogeneity. (Albuquerque Jr., 1999) In a country with continental proportions,diversity within unity is a concept largely used to patch leaks of the myth of national unity.Going one step further from Gilberto Freyre’s (1952) assertions, who considered the regionas an element of diversity in the national discourse, Albuquerque Jr. (1999, p. 26. Own translation).argues that the regions also go through a process of homogenization and in order tosustain the speech of diversity they become monolithic blocks of discourse: “The region isthe product of a battle…it is not a unity that contains diversity; instead, it is the product ofa process of homogeneization”.Therefore, the Amazon has been used as a symbol of nature (either a lost Paradise ora Green Hell), but never as a cosmopolitan hub. Taking this premise as a bulwark to understandHatoum’s stories set in the Amazon, his non-fixed characters, created by the ink ofmemory and imagination, imply a simultaneously local and global construction of identity.Setting the narratives in the naturally transnational region of the Amazon, Hatoum depictsthe complex cultural and social networks of the Amazon as memory deconstructions.The metaphors of nature to symbolize these cultural encounters are definitely overtlyexplored in the stories. The use of landscape in the process of memory was a topic of reflectionfor Simon Schama’s in the book Landscape and Memory. Schama (1995) asserts:For although we are accustomed to separate nature and human perception intotwo realms, they are, in fact, indivisible. Before it can ever be a repose for thesenses, landscape is the work of the mind. Its scenery is built up as much fromstrata of memory as from layers of rock (p. 6-7).The natural transnational space of the Amazon is not only used to connect the characterswith nature but also to build a more complex construction of their own identity.Hatoum’s stories imply mobility of culture and society as well as mobility of identity. Hence,when analyzing contemporary travel/writings, Graham Huggan observed there is not a placefor the post-modern travelers looking for a refuge of authenticity. Huggan (2012, p. 5) affirmsthat: “…the increasingly normative recognition that cultures are sites of travel, and areNarratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches238