Preamble Narratives and Social Memory - Universidade do Minho

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Memory and the Flows of Identity in Hatoum’s AmazonMichele Nascimento-KettnerTherefore, the Amazonian space is portrayed as culturally diverse but far from beingpart of an egalitarian social system; Hatoum exposes its hierarchical power structure. RenatoOrtiz (2000) believes that cultural diversity does necessarily establish an equal systembecause the institutions that take part in society occupy different hierarchical power status.In order to complement this idea, Ortiz makes a distinction between “diversity and plurality”where diversity is produced socially.A plural society does not imply that a more democratic or more inclusive way of livingis in place. The author argues that a plural society does not mean a diverse society because itdoes not imply that the power hierarchy transforms society with the same validity. Accordingto him, it is crucial to be conscious about this aspect in the discourse of diversity because attimes it could serve to hide inequalities and lack of inclusion in the power realms of societyOrtiz (2000) affirms:Cultural diversity is different and unequal because the various authorities andinstitutions that create this diversity have distinct hierarchical positions of powerand legitimation (strong countries or weak countries, transnational, nationalgovernments, western civilization or Muslim world, national state or indigenousgroups) (p. 51-52, own translation).Therefore, Hatoum does not portray “diversity” naturally fomenting equality as thetheory of Bhabha (1994) may suggest. However, the social recognition of the impact ofa plural society impelled by the transnational economies does not efface the humanisticperspective of the stories.Moreover, this humanistic perspective defies the simplistic concept of the EuropeanOther that neutrally mirrored a society through his observations or that manipulated mythicconstruction of the new places to suffice his own colonizing purposes. Both of these imagesportray the foreigners/travelers as unaltered entities and reinforce the superiority of theEuropean traveler/narrator over an impotent tropical Other. Hatoum’s stories do not naivelyefface the fact that the foreigner had the linguistic power of conceptualizing the forest,however this is not a discourse of Amazonian victimization. Indeed the Amazon is capableof transforming the foreigner into an Other. The process does not necessarily imply aManichean and/or determinist corruption very common in the naturalistic novels of thenineteenth century. Instead, the process brings about the humanization of the foreigner and,therefore, enables to see him/her from a less stereotypical perspective.Counterbalancing the realistic perception of the oppression in the encounter of globaland local, the humanistic perspective in the union of the two rivers to form one is decisive inthe making of A Cidade Ilhada a complex and intriguing book. The waters of identity are notcrystal clear; they are primarily bleary as the Negro River. The reconceptualization of theseidentities contribute to the reflection of the literary genres and their past representationsof the region as well as the new dynamics established by globalized interactions. Identities,regions and nations are concepts not easily defined but certainly truly fluid for being in aconstant process of change.Narratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches240
Memory and the Flows of Identity in Hatoum’s AmazonMichele Nascimento-KettnerBIBLIOGRAPHYAnderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. RevisedEdition ed. London and New York: Verso.Albuquerque Júnior, D. M. (1999) A Invenção do Nordeste e outras artes. 1 ed. São Paulo/Recife: Cortez/Massangana.Appadurai, A. (1996) Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Bachelard, G. (1998) Água e os Sonhos:Ensaio sobre a imaginacao da materia. (A. P. Danesi, Trans) SãoPaulo: Martins Fontes. (Original work published 1960)Bachelar, G. (1969) Poetics of Reverie. New York: Orion Press.Bhabha, H. (1994) The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge.Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1987). A Thousand Plateaus – Capitalism And Schizophrenia, (Trans.: B.Massumi). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Freyre, G. (1952) Manifesto Regionalista. Recife: FUNDAJ, Ed. Massangana, Retrieved May 5, 2012 from:http://www.ufrgs.br/cdrom/freyre/freyre.pdfHardman, F. F. (2007). Morrer em Manaus: os avatares da memória em Milton Hatoum. Arquiteturada Memória. Org. Maria da Luz Pinheiro de Cristo. Manaus: EDUA, Editora da UniversidadeFederal do Amazonas; Uninorte; Oficina das Artes.Hatoum, M. (2009) A Cidade Ilhada. São Paulo: Companhia das letras.Hatoum, M. (2012, April 17) Interview with Milton Hatoum Retrieved May 1st, 2012 from http://www.cartacapital.com.br/carta-na-escola/a-experiencia-da-juventude-e-decisiva-para-o-escritor/Hatoum, M. (1993, November 4) “Escrever à Margem da História” [Writing at the Margins of History]Retrieved May 26, 2012 from: http://www.hottopos.com/collat6/milton1.htm#_ftn2Huggan, G. (2012) Extreme pursuits travel/writing in an age of globalization. Ann Arbor:University ofMichigan Press.Huyseen, A. (2001). Present Pasts: Media, Politics, Amnesia. Globalization. Appadurai, A. (ed) Durham,NC: Duke University Press.Kristeva, J. (1991). Strangers to Ourselves. (Trans.: L. S. Roudiez) New York: Columbia University Press.Ortiz, R. (2000) Diversidade cultural y cosmopolitismo. Nuevas perspectivas desde, sobre América Latina:el desafio de los estudios culturales. Ed. Mabel Moraña. Chile: Editorial Propio. Instituto internacionalde literatura iberoamericana.Schama, S. (1995) Landscape and memory, New York: A.A. Knopf ; Random HouseNarratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches241
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Cinematic Landscape and Social Memo
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comprises both remembering and forg
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include important questions related
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Part ICognitive and Emotional Proce
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Narratives and Social Memory from t
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The Lay Historian: How Ordinary Peo
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Cabecinhas, R. & Abadia, L. (eds.)
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Emotional Processes in Elaborating
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Transitional Justice Processes, Sha
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The Past and the Present (re)Visite
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Part IIMedia(ted) Narrativesand Pub
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Hard News Cognitive Shift: from Fac
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Narratives of Death: Journalism and
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Researching Identity Narratives in
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Journalistic Narrative: a Story of
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The Works of Sísifo: Memories and
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Audiovisual Post-colonial Narrative
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Narratives as Prison ‘Escapes’:
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Drawings and Narrative: the Inmates
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Comissões Unitárias de Mulheres d
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