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same manner. Direct access files are accessed by specifying a record number for input, and bywriting to the currently specified record on output.Files may contain one of two types of records, fixed length records or variable length records. Tospecify the size of the fixed length records in a file, use the RECL specifier with the OPENstatement. RECL sets the record length in bytes. 1 RECL can only be used when access is direct.A record in a variable length formatted file is terminated with \n. A record in a variable lengthunformatted file is preceded and followed by a word indicating the length of the record.5.1.1 Standard Preconnected UnitsCertain input and output units are predefined, depending on the value of compiler options. The<strong>PGI</strong> Fortran compilers –Mdefaultunit option tells the compiler to treat "*" as a synonym forstandard input for reading and standard output for writing. When the option is –Mnodefaultunit,the compiler treats "*" as a synonym for unit 5 on input and unit 6 on output.5.2 Opening and Closing FilesThe OPEN statement establishes a connection to a file. OPEN allows you to do any of thefollowing• Connect an existing file to a unit.• Create and connect a file to a unit.• Create a file that is preconnected.• Establish the access method and record format for a connection.OPEN has the form:OPEN (list)where list contains a unit specifier of the form:[UNIT=] uwhere u, an integer, is the external unit specifier.1 The units depend on the value of the FORTRANOPT environment variable. If the value is vaxio, thenthe record length is in units of 32-bit words. If FORTRANOPT is not defined, or its value is somethingother than vaxio, then the record length is always in units of bytes.152 Chapter 6
In addition list may contain one of each of the specifiers shown in Table 5-1 .5.2.1 Direct Access FilesIf a file is connected for direct access using OPEN with ACCESS='DIRECT', the record lengthmust be specified using RECL=, and optionally one of each of the other specifiers may be used.Any file opened for direct access must be via fixed length records.In the following example a new file, book.dat, is created and connected to unit 12 for directformatted input/output with a record length of 98 characters. Numeric values will have blanksignored and the variable E1 will be assigned some positive value if an error condition exists whenthe OPEN statement is executed; execution will then continue with the statement labeled 20. If noerror condition pertains, E1 is assigned the value 0 and execution continues with the statementfollowing the OPEN statement.OPEN(12,IOSTAT=E1,ERR=20,FILE='book.dat',BLANK='NULL',+ACCESS='DIRECT',RECL=98,FORM='FORMATTED',STATUS='NEW')5.2.2 Closing a FileClose a unit by specifying the CLOSE statement from within any program unit. If the unitspecified does not exist or has no file connected to it, the CLOSE statement has no effect.Provided the file is still in existence, it may be reconnected to the same or a different unit after theexecution of a CLOSE statement. An implicit CLOSE is executed when a program stops.The CLOSE statement terminates the connection of the specified file to a unit.CLOSE ([UNIT=] u [,IOSTAT=ios] [,ERR= errs ][,STATUS= sta] [,DISPOSE= sta] [,DISP= sta])CLOSE takes the status values IOSTAT, ERR, and STATUS, similar to those described in Table5-1. In addition, CLOSE allows the DISPOSE or DISP specifier which can take a status value stawhich is a character string, where case is insignificant, specifying the file status (the samekeywords are used for the DISP and DISPOSE status). Status can be KEEP or DELETE. KEEPcannot be specified for a file whose dispose status is SCRATCH. When KEEP is specified (for afile that exists) the file continues to exist after the CLOSE statement, conversely DELETE <strong>del</strong>etesthe file after the CLOSE statement. The default value is KEEP unless the file status is SCRATCH.Fortran Intrinsics 153
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While every precaution has been tak
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Table 6-18: HPF Intrinsics and Libr
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• ISO/IEC 1539 : 1991, Informatio
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non-printing characters, such as TA
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1 Language OverviewThis chapter des
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Table 1-1: Order of StatementsOPTIO
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1.3 Free Form FormattingUsing free
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A continuation line is indicated by
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The following examples are invalid
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Operators of equal rank are evaluat
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1.7.3 Relational ExpressionsA relat
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1.9 Assignment StatementsA Fortran
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defined in the character expression
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2 Fortran Data TypesEvery Fortran e
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Table 2-3: Data Type ExtensionsType
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[s]d 1 d 2 ...d n [ _ kind-paramete
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2.2.5 Complex ConstantsA complex co
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CHARACTER(LEN=20) FIRST, LAST, MIDD
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2.4.4 Character SubstringA characte
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• A constant is always either 32
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STRUCTURE [/structure_name/][field_
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RECORD /person/ population(2), me..
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BYTE items(12)END MAPEND UNIONEND S
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declarator, modifying its value dur
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90/95 This statement is either new
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ALLOCATE 90The ALLOCATE statement i
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DescriptionARRAY can be used in a s
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ExamplesBACKSPACE 4BACKSPACE ( UNIT
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ExamplesCALL CRASH! no argumentsCAL
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Note: The data type of a symbol may
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HPFExampleDIMENSION R(10)COMMON /HO
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ALL1is an allocatable COMMON block
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I = I + H..END SUBROUTINE YEND SUBR
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DEALLOCATE 77The DEALLOCATE stateme
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See AlsoREAD, PRINTDIMENSION 90The
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DO (non-block)DO label [,] index =
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DOUBLE COMPLEX § 77The DOUBLE COMP
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SyntaxIF logical expression THENsta
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cfbioserrsis an integer expression
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For example:END FILE(20)END FILE(UN
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e more than one ENTRY statement wit
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EQUIVALENCE 77The EQUIVALENCE state
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extrinsic-kind-keyword is the name
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if no list items are specified; in
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argumentis a symbolic name, startin
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ExampleslistASSIGN 50 TO KGO TO K(5
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IF (Block) 77The block IF statement
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INCLUDE § 77The INCLUDE statement
Page 104 and 105: FILE= finFORM= fmfin is a character
Page 106 and 107: DescriptionWhen an INQUIRE by file
Page 108 and 109: INTEGER, INTENT(OUT)::I1I1=R1END SU
Page 110 and 111: SUBROUTINE TRIG (X,F,Y)Y=F(X)RETURN
Page 112 and 113: Manipulating data using union decla
Page 114 and 115: Using the -I command-line option di
Page 116 and 117: ERR=errsFILE= finFORM=fmcharacter d
Page 118 and 119: ACCESSThe value of 'APPEND' will be
Page 120 and 121: • Case is not significant, unless
Page 122 and 123: The pointer-based variable does not
Page 124 and 125: and is roughly equivalent tocharact
Page 126 and 127: .END MODULETypeNon-executableSee Al
Page 128 and 129: • Every item whose value is to be
Page 130 and 131: DescriptionYou create memory storag
Page 132 and 133: RETURN 77The RETURN statement cause
Page 134 and 135: line option). Dummy arguments, name
Page 136 and 137: STRUCTURE § 77The STRUCTURE statem
Page 138 and 139: argumentis a symbolic name, startin
Page 140 and 141: Syntax Derived Type DefinitionTYPE
Page 142 and 143: BYTE num_itemsBYTE items(12)END MAP
Page 144 and 145: ExamplesINTEGER SCORE(30)CHARACTER
Page 146 and 147: eal sumsum = 4h()accept sumand is r
Page 148 and 149: specified with the ":" character ra
Page 150 and 151: For example:SUBROUTINE YSUM1(M,B,C)
Page 152 and 153: 4.5 CM Fortran Extensions4.5.1 The
Page 156 and 157: Table 5-1: OPEN SpecifiersSpecifier
Page 158 and 159: After data is transferred, the file
Page 160 and 161: • Repeatable editor commands whic
Page 162 and 163: On output, the B field descriptor t
Page 164 and 165: 5.5.2.8 G Format ControlThe G forma
Page 166 and 167: 5.5.2.14 O Format Control Octal Val
Page 168 and 169: The X control specifies a number of
Page 170 and 171: 5.7 List-directed formattingList-di
Page 172 and 173: Data TypeINTEGER*4INTEGER*8LOGICAL*
Page 174 and 175: • The value may be constants as a
Page 176 and 177: Table 6-1: Numeric FunctionsGeneric
Page 178 and 179: GenericNameIZEXTPurposeZero-ExtendF
Page 180 and 181: GenericNameREALPurposeConvert toREA
Page 182 and 183: GenericNamePurposeNumberof ArgsSIN
Page 184 and 185: GenericNameIANDPurposeLogicalANDNum
Page 186 and 187: Table 6-5: Fortran 90/95 Bit Manipu
Page 188 and 189: Table 6-8: Fortran 90/95 Array Redu
Page 190 and 191: Table 6-10: Fortran 90/95 Array Con
Page 192 and 193: Generic Name Purpose Numberof ArgsP
Page 194 and 195: Table 6-17: Miscellaneous Functions
Page 196 and 197: ArgumentsThe argument STR is the st
Page 198 and 199: SynopsisALLOCATED(ARRAY)ArgumentThe
Page 200 and 201: SynopsisASIND(X)ArgumentThe argumen
Page 202 and 203: ArgumentThe argument X must be of t
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Return ValueReturns a complex numbe
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COUNT 90Return the number of true e
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VALUES(6)VALUES(7)VALUES(8)holds th
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Return ValueThe dot product. For VE
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EXPONENT 90Return the exponent part
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SynopsisIAND(I, J)ArgumentsThe argu
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ArgumentThe arguments I and J must
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INT8 § 77Converts a real value to
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JINT § 77Converts a value to an in
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LEN 90Returns the length of the sup
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LLT 90Test the supplied strings to
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LSHIFT § 77Perform a logical shift
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If the MASK parameter is present, t
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MINLOC 90Return the position of the
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MVBITS 90Copies a bit sequence from
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SynopsisNULL([PTR])ArgumentsThe opt
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Return ValueThe return value is the
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SynopsisREAL(A [,KIND])ArgumentsThe
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ArgumentsThe argument X is of type
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Return ValueThe result is an array
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SIZE 90Returns either the total num
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Return ValueThe return value is the
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TRANSFER 90Return a value that has
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VERIFY 90Verify that a character st
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IntrinsicIALL_SUFFIXIANYIANY_PREFIX
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Return ValueThe shifted array with
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getloghostnmlstatputenvsymlnkttynam
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esyndbesj0dbesj1dbesjndbesy0dbesy1d
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Descriptionctime converts a system
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fgetcGet character from a logical u
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Synopsisinteger function fseek(lu,
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Synopsisinteger function getc(ch)ch
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Synopsisinteger function getuid()De
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isattyIs logical unit a tty.Synopsi
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DescriptionReturn the value which i
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perrorPrint error message.Synopsiss
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DescriptionThe functions rand and i
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DescriptionReturn the index of the
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except lstat returns information ab
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ttynamGet name of a terminalSynopsi
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7.2.2 VAX/VMS System SubroutinesDAT
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destis an integer variable or array
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8 OpenMP Directives for FortranThe
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the parallel region redundantly. Th
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In the presence of an IF clause, th
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!$OMP SINGLE [Clauses]< Fortran cod
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By default, there is an implicit ba
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appear within a parallel region. It
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[!$OMP SECTION]< Fortran code block
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directive. When a common block that
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subroutine omp_unset_lock(integer_v
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9 HPF DirectivesHPF directives are
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ALIGN - REALIGNThe ALIGN directive
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See AlsoThe TEMPLATE and PROCESSORS
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Example!HPF$!HPF$!HPF$!HPF$REAL A(1
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See AlsoFor details on the PROCESSO
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TypeSpecificationSee AlsoFor detail
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IntrinsicGLOBAL_TO_LOCALGLOBAL_UBOU
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Return ValueIf the actual argument
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ArgumentsARRAY may be of any type;
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Return TypeThe result is of type de
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ArgumentsOptional argument. PROC.AR
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IndexABSTRACT_TO_PHYSICAL..........
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DATA ..............................
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GETLOG ............................
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EXP ...............................
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F specifier........................
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LOCAL_UNIDEX.......................
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OpenMP Fortran Directives .........
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DOWHILE ...........................
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FMT specifier......................
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