american samoa - University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany Department

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• Obligate plant represented any plant species found only in wetlands;• Facultative wetland plant included any plant species that is usually, but not always,found in wetlands;• Facultative plant was considered to be any plant species that is found as much inwetlands as in dry soil;• Facultative upland plant represented any plant that is usually found in upland areas, butsometimes in wetlands; and,• Upland plant was considered to be any plant that is rarely, if ever, found in wetlands.Fish and Invertebrate SurveyA one-time, qualitative survey of aquatic fish, crustaceans, and mollusks was made at streamsegments and selected wetland areas. Two sites, i.e., stream mouth and an upland streamlocation, were sampled for streams that flowed into the ocean at the time of the survey. Theextent and location of observations at each site varied depended primarily upon streamhydrology characteristics, land uses, and site accessibility. The specific areas surveyed aremapped and/or described within each site description. An overall summary of macrofaunalorganisms observed is presented in Appendix B.Fish and invertebrate survey sites were approximately 30 meters long. Each site was inspectedmoving upstream and all macrofaunal organisms were visually recorded. The types of species,relative abundance, and general diversity were documented for stream mouth, upland stream,and wetland sites. Visual observations were made at the surface, as well as underwater whereadequate flow was present.Three Surber samples were made at survey sites where cobble substrata were present andstream flow velocities were sufficient. The Surber samples were taken in the middle of thestream approximately 10 meters apart. If substrata and stream flow characteristics were notappropriate for use of the Surber net, three individual rocks in a site were selected and cleanedcompletely with a stiff brush to collect and benthic invertebrates present. However, there wasonly one species of chironomid larvae found in very low densities in any of the samples.Consequently, no results were reported for benthic fauna.Wetland and Stream Hydrology AssessmentPPC also made assessments of stream hydrology at each wetland and stream site to identifypotential opportunities for wetland and stream restoration and enhancement. A walk throughwas made along selected stream channels and wetlands to ascertain the potential locations,causes, and impacts of:• significant stream bank erosion;• changes in stream flow path;• stream modifications such as man-made stream channels;• impeded surface water discharges to and from wetlands; and,• changes in land uses along stream channels, as well as within and along the perimeterof wetlands.American Samoa Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Introduction, Page 1-5
Where appropriate, stream cross sections were measured at 100-foot intervals to facilitate thesubsequent modeling of stormwater discharge capacities and long-term monitoring of streamcharacteristics. Digital photos were taken of significant stream and wetland characteristics.In 1998 and 1999, Pedersen Planning Consultants had previously modeled and quantifiedpotential storm runoff and sedimentation from 2, 10, 50 and 100-year storm events for Papa,Sauino, Vaipito, and Leafu streams, as well as the Tula wetland. PPC also had evaluatedpotential stormwater detention opportunities at these and several other sites on the Island ofTutuila. Consequently, PPC was already aware of flow capacity issues for several of the sitesbeing evaluated in the Wetland and Stream Restoration and Enhancement Plan. The capacityof the remaining stream and wetland sites included in the Wetland and Stream Restoration andEnhancement Plan were modeled following completion of the November, 1999 field survey.Changes in land use were also documented by PPC and compared to land use surveyinformation obtained by PPC in December, 1994. This information was collected andincorporated into the GIS developed for ASEPA in 1998 and 1999.Information gained from field observations, hydraulic modeling data, and discussions withlocal residents enabled PPC to evaluate hydrologic options for stream bank stabilization, therestoration of stream flow paths, and the detention of stormwater flows within selectedwetlands.June 2000A second reconnaissance was made of selected segments of lower Papa Stream in June 2000.This brief survey was made by Joshua Craig of the American Samoa Environmental ProtectionAgency and Jim Pedersen of Pedersen Planning Consultants.Stream modifications immediately downstream and upstream of a former Navy weir weresurveyed. Digital photos were taken of stream bank alterations along the west stream bank thatwere completed after the November, 1999 field survey. PPC also observed streammodifications several hundred feet upstream of the former Navy weir (see Chapter Seven)where stream modifications had apparently generated significant downstream bank erosion andaltered the stream flow path. Local residents also provided valuable insights concerning thecauses and effects of past and recent stream modifications.PUBLIC CONSULTATIONThe following individuals and agency representatives were contacted during the course of thisproject. Their insights and experience provided useful information to the PPC project team.American Samoa Environmental Protection AgencySheila Wiegman, deputy directorJoshua Craig, environmental scientistAmerican Samoa Coastal Management ProgramBronwyn Mitchell, wetland specialistAmerican Samoa Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Introduction, Page 1-6
Page 1 and 2: Asili StreamAMERICAN SAMOAWETLAND/S
Page 3 and 4: American SamoaWetland/Stream Restor
Page 5 and 6: American Samoa Wetland/Stream Resto
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1-1Location of Potential Wet
Page 13: Onsite InvestigationsNovember 1999G
Page 17 and 18: Chapter TwoTULA WETLANDLOCATIONTula
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2-2Tula WetlandExisting Cond
Page 21 and 22: Improved channelization of stormwat
Page 23 and 24: LAND USES IN THE VICINITY OF TULA W
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2-3Option 2: Detention of St
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2-4Option 3: Expansion of Ta
Page 29 and 30: Comparative Benefits and ImpactsPPC
Page 31 and 32: TABLE 2-4PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 2-5LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2-6 (CONTINUED)FIELD MONITORI
Page 37 and 38: Chapter ThreeALAO WETLANDLOCATIONAl
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3-2Taufusi MarchExisting Con
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3-3FEMA 100-Year Flood Plain
Page 43 and 44: East Portion of the MarshThe impact
Page 45 and 46: WETLAND RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT
Page 47 and 48: The availability of new, blight-res
Page 49 and 50: Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
Page 51 and 52: TABLE 3-7FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
Page 53 and 54: Recommended monitoring stations or
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4-1Location MapAoa Village W
Page 57 and 58: No stream flow estimates are availa
Page 59 and 60: Fresh-Water SwampThe fresh-water sw
Page 61 and 62: ecome dominant if there is a nearby
Page 63 and 64: Relative Abundance and Diversity of
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Option 4: Restore Mangrove Forest U
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TABLE 4-5COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
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Long-term resource management activ
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TABLE 4-9FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
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• begin at the Tapua Stream mouth
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Figure 5-1Location MapSoutheast Wet
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Tufu Stream and two stream branches
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Mr. Whistler was part of a three-pe
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InvertebratesCrustacean densities w
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FIGURE 5-3OPTION 1: RESTORE RIPARIA
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TABLE 5-4COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
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Long term monitoring of the Vatia w
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More specific monitoring of stream
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Figure 6-1Location MapVaipito Strea
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Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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California grass (Brachiaria mutica
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FIGURE 6-3FISH AND INVERTEBRATE SUR
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Most of lower Vaipito Stream segmen
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Red mangrove should be planted with
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TABLE 6-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEC
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TABLE 6-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
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TABLE 6-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 7-1Location MapLeele-Papa-Ta
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Stream flow, in some cases, is cons
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Opportunities and StrategiesOption
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Figure 7-3Option 2: Reduction of Er
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TABLE 7-8PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 127 and 128:
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TABLE 7-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
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More specific monitoring of stream
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Figure 8-1Location MapSauino Stream
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Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Figure 8-3Option 1: Construction of
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FIGURE 8-5OPTION 2: PLANT NATIVE RI
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Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
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TABLE 8-8 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
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LOCATIONChapter NineLEAFU STREAMLea
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Figure 9-2Leone Pala and 300-Foot L
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However, during and following heavi
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Vegetation TrendsThe lower Leafu St
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LAND USES ADJACENT TOLOWER LEAFU ST
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Option 2: Construct Basaltic Wall,
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Figure 9-5:Stabilize East Stream Ba
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TABLE 9-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
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Page 167 and 168:
TABLE 9-9 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
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Chapter TenASILI STREAMLOCATIONAsil
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Figure 10-2Asili Stream SegmentExis
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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Further downstream, the stream chan
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TABLE 10-4SUMMARY OF MACROFAUNAL OR
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American Samoa Wetlands/Streams Res
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CLEAN-UP OF LOWER ASILI STREAMLABOR
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TABLE 10-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITO
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TABLE 10-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITO
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 11-1Location MapFusi Wetland
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WETLAND VEGETATIONNovember 1999 Sur
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The lack of stream flow entering th
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Figure 11-3Option 1: Remove Solid W
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Recommended Option and Estimated Pr
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TABLE 11-6FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEE
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Any future monitoring stations or s
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Project ManagerRepresentatives of a
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REFERENCESBiosystems Analysis, Inc.
Page 207 and 208:
APPENDIX ASUMMARY OFPLANTSOBSERVED
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Species Family EnglishNameSamoanNam
Page 213:
APPENDIX CSUMMARY OFAQUATIC MACROFA
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american samoa - University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany Department

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