american samoa - University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany Department

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South of this narrow zone and north of the plantation area behind the occupied house, there wasa small taro plantation growing on an artificial island delineated by rock embankments. Themost common weed among the taro plants was aatasi (Polynesian cress), a plant ofconsiderable importance in traditional Samoan medicine. However, no tamole vai was found inthis area.Vegetation TrendsIn 1993, Biosystems Analysis, Inc. recorded beach hibiscus as the dominant plant within thewetland. Beach hibiscus is a swamp species rather than a marsh species; swamps are typicallydominated by trees while marshes are dominated by herbs. Six years later, beach hibiscus hadtaken over most of the wetland in November 1999. Increased shade within the wetlandeliminated the typically shade-tolerant marsh species. Only a small amount of swamp fern andeven less marsh fern was present in the wetland. No water chestnut was documented.In November 1999, no falaga (Barringtonia samoensis) or ifi (Tahitian chestnut), which aretrees characteristic of wetlands on the Island of Tutuila, were recorded by the PPC survey team.PPC believes that the Fusi wetland margin may have once dominated by fau and falaga. Afterthe arrival of humans on Tau, ifi may also have been present. These large-seed species wouldnot easily disperse to the site without human intervention.The wettest areas of the wetland are not conducive to the growth of swamp forest as herbsdominate. Consequently, the wetland interior is a marsh rather than a swamp. Marsh specieswould typically include marsh species such as utuutu (water chestnut) and vao tuaniu (marshfern).This wetland was probably once under cultivation. Surface runoff and/or a spring furnishedwater needed for past taro cultivation. When cultivation discontinued, the wetland became adisturbed marsh. Whistler observed a disturbed marsh condition in 1976; willow primrose wasdocumented within the site at that time.In the absence of human intervention, it is expected that beach hibiscus swamp forest willremain dominant for a long time. The only possible competition might come from the saplings,e.g., afa. However, only afa is often associated with wetlands. Consequently, a few scatteredlowland forest trees may gain a precarious foothold in places with a slightly higher elevation, oron rock outcrops.AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGeneralOn November 9, 1999, Charles Chong of the PPC field survey team made observations of theFusi wetland. His observations are summarized in the following paragraphs.No flowing water was observed within the Fusi wetland. There was standing water in severalpools under heavy foliage. A thick layer of allochthonous material had collected on top of asignificant volume of solid wastes below these pools. Because of the heavy canopy and solidwaste material below the pools, visibility was limited. However, no macrofaunal organismswere observed during the survey.Onsite observations indicate that water within the pools was percolating into the substrata andpossibly seeping into the nearshore waters of nearby Tau Harbor. A noticeable fresh-water lenswithin the harbor was observed via snorkeling within the harbor waters.American Samoa Wetlands/Streams Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Fusi Wetland, Page 11-5
The lack of stream flow entering the Fusi wetland, as well as no hydrologic outlet, to thenearshore waters prevents the habitation of aquatic fish and invertebrates within the wetland.Aquatic species could only be humanly introduced in the absence of a hydrologic connection toan upland stream or outlet to the nearshore waters.Relative Abundance and Diversity of Fish and InvertebratesThe relative abundance and diversity of fish and invertebrates observed within the Fusi wetlandare summarized in Table 11-1. The characterization of relative abundance and diversityreflects the observation of no fishes, crustaceans, or molluscs. Consequently, the abundanceand diversity of fish and invertebrates at the Fusi wetland are clearly less than those observedat all 10 sites evaluated for the Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement Plan.TABLE 11-1RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF FISHAND INVERTEBRATES IN FUSI WETLANDFishes Crustaceans MolluscsAbundance None None NoneDiversity None None NoneSource: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2000LAND USES IN THE VICINITY OF FUSI WETLANDAs mentioned earlier, the Fusi wetland hasbeen used for the disposal of various types ofsolid waste material. Much of the wetlandapparently contains residential andcommercial building materials that werehauled to the wetland in the aftermath ofHurricane Val in 1991. Several homes aresituated northwest of the wetland; oneadditional residence is located on thesoutheast side.Solid waste in Fusi wetlandTau Harbor is located immediately west ofthe wetland. Several small fishing boats areregularly moored within the harbor.Fishing boats in Tau HarborAmerican Samoa Wetlands/Streams Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Fusi Wetland, Page 11-6
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Asili StreamAMERICAN SAMOAWETLAND/S
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American SamoaWetland/Stream Restor
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American Samoa Wetland/Stream Resto
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Figure 1-1Location of Potential Wet
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Onsite InvestigationsNovember 1999G
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Where appropriate, stream cross sec
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Chapter TwoTULA WETLANDLOCATIONTula
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Figure 2-2Tula WetlandExisting Cond
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Improved channelization of stormwat
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LAND USES IN THE VICINITY OF TULA W
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Figure 2-3Option 2: Detention of St
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Figure 2-4Option 3: Expansion of Ta
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Comparative Benefits and ImpactsPPC
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TABLE 2-4PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
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TABLE 2-5LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
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TABLE 2-6 (CONTINUED)FIELD MONITORI
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Chapter ThreeALAO WETLANDLOCATIONAl
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Figure 3-2Taufusi MarchExisting Con
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Figure 3-3FEMA 100-Year Flood Plain
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East Portion of the MarshThe impact
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WETLAND RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT
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The availability of new, blight-res
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Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
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TABLE 3-7FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
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Recommended monitoring stations or
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Figure 4-1Location MapAoa Village W
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No stream flow estimates are availa
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Fresh-Water SwampThe fresh-water sw
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ecome dominant if there is a nearby
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Relative Abundance and Diversity of
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Option 4: Restore Mangrove Forest U
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TABLE 4-5COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
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Long-term resource management activ
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• begin at the Tapua Stream mouth
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Figure 5-1Location MapSoutheast Wet
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Tufu Stream and two stream branches
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Mr. Whistler was part of a three-pe
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InvertebratesCrustacean densities w
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FIGURE 5-3OPTION 1: RESTORE RIPARIA
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TABLE 5-4COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
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Long term monitoring of the Vatia w
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More specific monitoring of stream
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Figure 6-1Location MapVaipito Strea
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Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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California grass (Brachiaria mutica
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FIGURE 6-3FISH AND INVERTEBRATE SUR
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Most of lower Vaipito Stream segmen
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Red mangrove should be planted with
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TABLE 6-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEC
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TABLE 6-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 7-1Location MapLeele-Papa-Ta
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Stream flow, in some cases, is cons
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Opportunities and StrategiesOption
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Figure 7-3Option 2: Reduction of Er
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TABLE 7-8PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
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TABLE 7-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
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More specific monitoring of stream
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Figure 8-1Location MapSauino Stream
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Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Figure 8-3Option 1: Construction of
Page 141 and 142: FIGURE 8-5OPTION 2: PLANT NATIVE RI
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Page 145 and 146: TABLE 8-8FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 8-8 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
Page 149 and 150: LOCATIONChapter NineLEAFU STREAMLea
Page 151 and 152: Figure 9-2Leone Pala and 300-Foot L
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Page 155 and 156: Vegetation TrendsThe lower Leafu St
Page 157 and 158: LAND USES ADJACENT TOLOWER LEAFU ST
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Page 161 and 162: Figure 9-5:Stabilize East Stream Ba
Page 163 and 164: TABLE 9-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 165 and 166: TABLE 9-8LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
Page 167 and 168: TABLE 9-9 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
Page 169 and 170: Chapter TenASILI STREAMLOCATIONAsil
Page 171 and 172: Figure 10-2Asili Stream SegmentExis
Page 173 and 174: Stormwater Discharges and Related F
Page 175 and 176: Further downstream, the stream chan
Page 177 and 178: TABLE 10-4SUMMARY OF MACROFAUNAL OR
Page 179 and 180: American Samoa Wetlands/Streams Res
Page 181 and 182: CLEAN-UP OF LOWER ASILI STREAMLABOR
Page 183 and 184: TABLE 10-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITO
Page 185 and 186: TABLE 10-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITO
Page 187 and 188: Vehicular and pedestrian access to
Page 189 and 190: Figure 11-1Location MapFusi Wetland
Page 191: WETLAND VEGETATIONNovember 1999 Sur
Page 195 and 196: Figure 11-3Option 1: Remove Solid W
Page 197 and 198: Recommended Option and Estimated Pr
Page 199 and 200: TABLE 11-6FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEE
Page 201 and 202: Any future monitoring stations or s
Page 203 and 204: Project ManagerRepresentatives of a
Page 205 and 206: REFERENCESBiosystems Analysis, Inc.
Page 207 and 208: APPENDIX ASUMMARY OFPLANTSOBSERVED
Page 209 and 210: Species Family EnglishNameSamoanNam
Page 213: APPENDIX CSUMMARY OFAQUATIC MACROFA
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