american samoa - University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany Department

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East Portion of the MarshThe east portion of Taufusi Marsh wasrecently cleared of vegetation for thecontinued production of Chinese cabbage.A network of man-made ditches andsmaller cultivated plots were constructedwithin this area to facilitate drainage.Immediately inland of this cleared areawas a moderate-sized area devoted to theproduction of bananas. A few olderpapaya trees and coconut trees were alsoobserved in this area; however, they werenot planted for any commercial production.West Portion of the MarshThe west portion of Taufusi Marshappeared to be an abandoned taro patchthat was dominated by a dense herbaceouscover of mauutoga (Commelina diffusa orcommelina). This portion of the marshalso contained considerably less amountsof primrose willow, fue sina (beach pea),and fue saina (mile-a-minute vine). Othertypical herbaceous wetland plants includedsansana (Job’s tears), fanamanu (Indianshot), Hibiscus abelmoschus, and Luffacylindrica along with scattered andovergrown individuals of talo (taro) thathave survived neglect.mauutoga (Commelina diffusa)The west end of the marsh was also characterized by some patches and scattered individuals ofthe shrubby laau failafa (candelabra plant) and some smaller fau (beach hibiscus) trees. Alongthe wetland margin, typical upland weeds such as Operculina turpethum, graceful spurge, andbeggar’s-tick replaced wetland vegetation. California grass, which is often common inwetlands, was also present.Vegetation TrendsBetween 1962 and 1964, several families in Alao planted talo (taro) in the Taufusi Marsh.Taro production in Taufusi Marsh continued until 1998. Families began harvesting poor tarocrops in the mid-1990’s as a result of lega (taro leaf blight) that adversely affected taroproduction in Alao and other production areas in American Samoa.American Samoa Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Alao Wetland, Page 3-6
East Portion of the MarshThe impact of the taro leaf blight led some families, who had title to communal lands in theMarsh, to begin production of Chinese cabbage in the east portion of the marsh. This crop isnow sold at the Fagatogo marketplace (Puaauli, 1999). Once the new blight-resistant cultivarsof taro become more readily available, taro production may once again be established within, atleast, the east portion of the Marsh.West Portion of the MarshIn 1992, Biosystems Analysis, Inc. observed taro cultivation along with willow primrose in theTaufusi marsh. It was also noted that soils in Taufusi Marsh “....drain slowly enough tosupport wetland plants”. With the more recent discontinuation of taro production, the westportion of the wetland transitioned to a disturbed marsh.It is likely that the west portion of the marsh will continue to be dominated by commelina.However, if the smaller hibiscus patches at the west end of the marsh continue to spread, thefau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) could possibly shade out the marsh vegetation and create a fresh-watermarsh dominated by fau (beach hibiscus).AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGeneralOn November 2, 1999, Charles Chong of the PPC field survey team made observations ofaquatic fish and invertebrates along a segment of Mulivaitele Stream from the east side ofTaufusi Marsh to approximately 380 feet upstream of the Mulivaitele Stream mouth. Hisobservations are summarized in the following paragraphs.The stream did not exhibit a stream discharge into the nearshore waters during the field survey.However, a nominal flow of less than 0.5 cubic feet per second (cfs) flowed downstream to apoint that was about 380 feet upstream of the shoreline. At this point, stream flows percolatedinto the bottom of the stream channel.Mulivaitele Stream Segment Along East Side of MarshThe fish and invertebrate survey focused upon the segment of the Mulivaitele Stream channelbetween the east side of Taufusi Marsh to approximately 380 feet upstream of the streammouth. The bed of the stream channel was characterized by cobble on top of clay soil. Therewas moderately heavy canopy above the stream. However, there was little or no periphytonalong this stream segment.The stream fauna contained an abundance of the fresh-water shrimp Macrobrachium lar that isknown to be amphidromous. Kuhlia rupestris was also abundant in larger pools. No gobies oranguillids were observed, although they have may have been present further upstream.Non-amphidromous species included the same chironoid larvae found in the Alao wetland.Many types of damselflies and dragonflies were also documented.American Samoa Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Alao Wetland, Page 3-7
Page 1 and 2: Asili StreamAMERICAN SAMOAWETLAND/S
Page 3 and 4: American SamoaWetland/Stream Restor
Page 5 and 6: American Samoa Wetland/Stream Resto
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1-1Location of Potential Wet
Page 13 and 14: Onsite InvestigationsNovember 1999G
Page 15 and 16: Where appropriate, stream cross sec
Page 17 and 18: Chapter TwoTULA WETLANDLOCATIONTula
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2-2Tula WetlandExisting Cond
Page 21 and 22: Improved channelization of stormwat
Page 23 and 24: LAND USES IN THE VICINITY OF TULA W
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2-3Option 2: Detention of St
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2-4Option 3: Expansion of Ta
Page 29 and 30: Comparative Benefits and ImpactsPPC
Page 31 and 32: TABLE 2-4PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 2-5LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2-6 (CONTINUED)FIELD MONITORI
Page 37 and 38: Chapter ThreeALAO WETLANDLOCATIONAl
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3-2Taufusi MarchExisting Con
Page 41: Figure 3-3FEMA 100-Year Flood Plain
Page 45 and 46: WETLAND RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT
Page 47 and 48: The availability of new, blight-res
Page 49 and 50: Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
Page 51 and 52: TABLE 3-7FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
Page 53 and 54: Recommended monitoring stations or
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4-1Location MapAoa Village W
Page 57 and 58: No stream flow estimates are availa
Page 59 and 60: Fresh-Water SwampThe fresh-water sw
Page 61 and 62: ecome dominant if there is a nearby
Page 63 and 64: Relative Abundance and Diversity of
Page 65 and 66: Option 4: Restore Mangrove Forest U
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 4-5COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
Page 69 and 70: Long-term resource management activ
Page 73 and 74: • begin at the Tapua Stream mouth
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5-1Location MapSoutheast Wet
Page 77 and 78: Tufu Stream and two stream branches
Page 79 and 80: Mr. Whistler was part of a three-pe
Page 81 and 82: InvertebratesCrustacean densities w
Page 83 and 84: FIGURE 5-3OPTION 1: RESTORE RIPARIA
Page 85 and 86: TABLE 5-4COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
Page 87 and 88: Long term monitoring of the Vatia w
Page 91 and 92: More specific monitoring of stream
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 6-1Location MapVaipito Strea
Page 95 and 96:
Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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California grass (Brachiaria mutica
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FIGURE 6-3FISH AND INVERTEBRATE SUR
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Most of lower Vaipito Stream segmen
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Red mangrove should be planted with
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TABLE 6-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEC
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TABLE 6-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
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TABLE 6-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 7-1Location MapLeele-Papa-Ta
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Stream flow, in some cases, is cons
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Opportunities and StrategiesOption
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Figure 7-3Option 2: Reduction of Er
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TABLE 7-8PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
TABLE 7-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
Page 131 and 132:
More specific monitoring of stream
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Figure 8-1Location MapSauino Stream
Page 135 and 136:
Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 8-3Option 1: Construction of
Page 141 and 142:
FIGURE 8-5OPTION 2: PLANT NATIVE RI
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Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
Page 145 and 146:
TABLE 8-8FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
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TABLE 8-8 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
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LOCATIONChapter NineLEAFU STREAMLea
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Figure 9-2Leone Pala and 300-Foot L
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However, during and following heavi
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Vegetation TrendsThe lower Leafu St
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LAND USES ADJACENT TOLOWER LEAFU ST
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Option 2: Construct Basaltic Wall,
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Figure 9-5:Stabilize East Stream Ba
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TABLE 9-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
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Page 167 and 168:
TABLE 9-9 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
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Chapter TenASILI STREAMLOCATIONAsil
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Figure 10-2Asili Stream SegmentExis
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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Further downstream, the stream chan
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TABLE 10-4SUMMARY OF MACROFAUNAL OR
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American Samoa Wetlands/Streams Res
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CLEAN-UP OF LOWER ASILI STREAMLABOR
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TABLE 10-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITO
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TABLE 10-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITO
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 11-1Location MapFusi Wetland
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WETLAND VEGETATIONNovember 1999 Sur
Page 193 and 194:
The lack of stream flow entering th
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Figure 11-3Option 1: Remove Solid W
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Recommended Option and Estimated Pr
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TABLE 11-6FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEE
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Any future monitoring stations or s
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Project ManagerRepresentatives of a
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REFERENCESBiosystems Analysis, Inc.
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APPENDIX ASUMMARY OFPLANTSOBSERVED
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Species Family EnglishNameSamoanNam
Page 213:
APPENDIX CSUMMARY OFAQUATIC MACROFA
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