american samoa - University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany Department

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In American Samoa, each watershed is unique and can be expected to contain different aquaticorganisms. The variation depends upon surface water flow regimes, water quality, and othergeophysical characteristics. With perennial, unimpeded stream flow to the ocean, the wetlandcould possibly include some or all of the type of aquatic animals summarized in Appendix B.Relative Abundance and Diversity of Fish and InvertebratesA site specific summary of macrofaunal organisms observed during the survey is summarizedin Table 3-2. Genera are listed in order of descending abundance within their taxonomic group.TABLE 3-2SUMMARY OF MACROFAUNAL ORGANISMSOBSERVED ALONG MULIVAITELE STREAMStream Location Fishes Crustaceans MolluscsFrom the east side of Taufusi Marshto approximately 380 feet upstreamof stream mouth.Source: Chong, 2000KuhliaMacrobrachium(2 spp.)NoneThe relative abundance and diversity of fish and invertebrates in Mulivaitele Stream, along theeast side of Taufusi Marsh, is summarized in Table 3-3. The relative abundance and diversityreflects a general comparison of the abundance and diversity of fish and invertebrates observedalong Mulivaitele Stream with all 10 sites evaluated for the Wetland Restoration andEnhancement Plan.TABLE 3-3RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF FISH AND INVERTEBRATESMULIVAITELE STREAM SEGMENT ON EAST SIDE OF TAUFUSI MARSHFishes Crustaceans MolluscsAbundance Medium High LowDiversity Low Low LowSource: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2000LAND USES IN THE VICINITY OF TAUFUSI MARSHAs stated earlier, some production of Chinese cabbage was found in the east portion of theTaufusi Marsh. Other than a small shed, no other land uses were present in the marsh.The inhabited portion of Alao Village lies primarily east of Mulivai Stream. Only two to threeresidences are within about 500 feet of the marsh. Some limited subsistence bananaproduction, as well as a relatively large greenhouse used for cucumber production, weresituated immediately east of Mulivai Stream and the southeast side of Taufusi Marsh.Other areas that adjoin the north, south and west sides of the marsh remain undeveloped.American Samoa Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Alao Wetland, Page 3-8
WETLAND RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT STRATEGIESGeneralThere are two potential opportunities for the restoration and enhancement of Taufusi Marsh.The scope of these two opportunities and related implementation strategies are presented in thefollowing paragraphs.The potential benefits and impacts derived from the implementation of each strategy aresubsequently compared and evaluated. This analysis provides the basis for the selection of arecommended restoration or enhancement strategy.Preliminary cost estimates are presented for the implementation of the recommended strategy.Long-term monitoring and site maintenance requirements associated with the recommendedstrategy are also identified.Alternate Opportunities and StrategiesOption 1: Restore Native Marsh Vegetation and Wildlife HabitatThis option would attempt to restore native marsh vegetation in portions of the west part of theTaufusi Marsh. This restoration effort would be made through the planting of native marshplants such as utuutu (water chestnut), vao tuaniu (marsh fern), and saato (swamp fern).Plantings of seedlings or cuttings would be obtained by the ASCC Land Grant program andplanted by program personnel in selected portions of west Taufusi Marsh. However, it shouldbe noted that the feasibility of this option has not been tested through the propagation of theseplants in American Samoa or other parts of Polynesia (Whistler, 2000)Soil preparation will likely include the clearing and/or excavation of some areas where denseexotic vegetation is already established. Plant spacing and density would be determined by theASCC Land Grant Program prior to the initiation of planting.None of the recommended marsh plants were found in the marsh in November 1999 andprobably do not exist there. However, the establishment of these native marsh plants wouldenhance the attractiveness of this marsh to the toloa (Australian Gray Duck). This duck iswidespread in the South Pacific, but very rare in American Samoa. The habitat of theAustralian Gray Duck is typically fresh-water wetlands, but the duck is occasionally found inbrackish or salt water (Engbring and Ramsey, 1989). Occasional sightings of the AustralianGray Duck have been documented in the vicinity of nearby Maliuga Point (Aecos and AquaticFarms, 1980).Option 2: Restore Taro ProductionOption 2 (Figure 3-4) would restore taro production within the west portion of Taufusi Marsh.This potential restoration project would somewhat increase the capability of the marsh to detainstorm water. Increased detention would also promote greater recharge of surface runoff intothe basal aquifer.ASPA operates one groundwater well (well 161) and a related satellite water system in Alao.Well 161 produced approximately 12,000 gallons per day in May 2000. Consequently, thepotential benefits of increased groundwater recharge provide a feasible opportunity to conservepotable water supplies in Alao.American Samoa Wetland/Stream Restoration and Enhancement PlanFebruary 2001, Alao Wetland, Page 3-9
Page 1 and 2: Asili StreamAMERICAN SAMOAWETLAND/S
Page 3 and 4: American SamoaWetland/Stream Restor
Page 5 and 6: American Samoa Wetland/Stream Resto
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1-1Location of Potential Wet
Page 13 and 14: Onsite InvestigationsNovember 1999G
Page 15 and 16: Where appropriate, stream cross sec
Page 17 and 18: Chapter TwoTULA WETLANDLOCATIONTula
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2-2Tula WetlandExisting Cond
Page 21 and 22: Improved channelization of stormwat
Page 23 and 24: LAND USES IN THE VICINITY OF TULA W
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2-3Option 2: Detention of St
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2-4Option 3: Expansion of Ta
Page 29 and 30: Comparative Benefits and ImpactsPPC
Page 31 and 32: TABLE 2-4PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 2-5LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 2-6 (CONTINUED)FIELD MONITORI
Page 37 and 38: Chapter ThreeALAO WETLANDLOCATIONAl
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3-2Taufusi MarchExisting Con
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3-3FEMA 100-Year Flood Plain
Page 43: East Portion of the MarshThe impact
Page 47 and 48: The availability of new, blight-res
Page 49 and 50: Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
Page 51 and 52: TABLE 3-7FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
Page 53 and 54: Recommended monitoring stations or
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4-1Location MapAoa Village W
Page 57 and 58: No stream flow estimates are availa
Page 59 and 60: Fresh-Water SwampThe fresh-water sw
Page 61 and 62: ecome dominant if there is a nearby
Page 63 and 64: Relative Abundance and Diversity of
Page 65 and 66: Option 4: Restore Mangrove Forest U
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 4-5COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
Page 69 and 70: Long-term resource management activ
Page 73 and 74: • begin at the Tapua Stream mouth
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5-1Location MapSoutheast Wet
Page 77 and 78: Tufu Stream and two stream branches
Page 79 and 80: Mr. Whistler was part of a three-pe
Page 81 and 82: InvertebratesCrustacean densities w
Page 83 and 84: FIGURE 5-3OPTION 1: RESTORE RIPARIA
Page 85 and 86: TABLE 5-4COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONWETL
Page 87 and 88: Long term monitoring of the Vatia w
Page 91 and 92: More specific monitoring of stream
Page 93 and 94: Figure 6-1Location MapVaipito Strea
Page 95 and 96:
Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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California grass (Brachiaria mutica
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FIGURE 6-3FISH AND INVERTEBRATE SUR
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Most of lower Vaipito Stream segmen
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Red mangrove should be planted with
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TABLE 6-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEC
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TABLE 6-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITOR
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TABLE 6-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 7-1Location MapLeele-Papa-Ta
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Stream flow, in some cases, is cons
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Opportunities and StrategiesOption
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Figure 7-3Option 2: Reduction of Er
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TABLE 7-8PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
Page 127 and 128:
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TABLE 7-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITOR
Page 131 and 132:
More specific monitoring of stream
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Figure 8-1Location MapSauino Stream
Page 135 and 136:
Stream FlowsHistorical Stream Flows
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AQUATIC FISH AND INVERTEBRATESGener
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Figure 8-3Option 1: Construction of
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FIGURE 8-5OPTION 2: PLANT NATIVE RI
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Long-Term Monitoring and Site Maint
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TABLE 8-8FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEET
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TABLE 8-8 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
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LOCATIONChapter NineLEAFU STREAMLea
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Figure 9-2Leone Pala and 300-Foot L
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However, during and following heavi
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Vegetation TrendsThe lower Leafu St
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LAND USES ADJACENT TOLOWER LEAFU ST
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Option 2: Construct Basaltic Wall,
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 9-5:Stabilize East Stream Ba
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TABLE 9-7PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATEP
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Page 167 and 168:
TABLE 9-9 (Continued)FIELD MONITORI
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Chapter TenASILI STREAMLOCATIONAsil
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Figure 10-2Asili Stream SegmentExis
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Stormwater Discharges and Related F
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Further downstream, the stream chan
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TABLE 10-4SUMMARY OF MACROFAUNAL OR
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American Samoa Wetlands/Streams Res
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CLEAN-UP OF LOWER ASILI STREAMLABOR
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TABLE 10-9LONG-TERM RESOURCE MONITO
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TABLE 10-10 (Continued)FIELD MONITO
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Vehicular and pedestrian access to
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Figure 11-1Location MapFusi Wetland
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WETLAND VEGETATIONNovember 1999 Sur
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The lack of stream flow entering th
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Figure 11-3Option 1: Remove Solid W
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Recommended Option and Estimated Pr
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TABLE 11-6FIELD MONITORING WORKSHEE
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Any future monitoring stations or s
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Project ManagerRepresentatives of a
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REFERENCESBiosystems Analysis, Inc.
Page 207 and 208:
APPENDIX ASUMMARY OFPLANTSOBSERVED
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Species Family EnglishNameSamoanNam
Page 213:
APPENDIX CSUMMARY OFAQUATIC MACROFA
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